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language, consisting of a language-independent core and customized
support for the phenomena you describe below. Be advised that this
system is highly experimental. We are interested in your feedback.
If you have questions or comments, please email Emily Bender at:
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*.
Questions or subpages that contain answers that might be problematic,
but are not outright incorrect, are marked with a red question mark:
?.
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►
?
General Information
Language name = Maltese
ISO code = mlt
Comments = Sample grammar for LREC and HPSG 2010 tutorials.
►
Word Order
Basic word order = Free Subordinator
Has determiners = Yes
Order of determiners and nouns = Det-Noun
Has auxiliaries = Yes
Order of auxiliary and complement = Before-modifying
Aux {i} complement = V
multiple auxiliaries = No
►
Number
number1_name = sg
number2_name = non-sg
number3_name = du
number3_supertype1_name = non-sg
number4_name = pl
number4_supertype1_name = non-sg
►
Person
Person = First, second, and third
First person = unspecified
►
Gender
gender1_name = masc
gender2_name = fem
►
Case
Core case marking = Nominative-accusative
Nominative case name = nom
Accusative case name = acc
case1_name = dat
►
Other Features
feature1_name = human
feature1_type = Index
feature1_value1_name = plus
feature1_value1_supertype1_name = human
feature1_value2_name = minus
feature1_value2_supertype1_name = human
feature2_name = ntype
feature2_type = Index
feature2_value1_name = pronoun
feature2_value1_supertype1_name = ntype
feature2_value2_name = non-pro
feature2_value2_supertype1_name = ntype
►
Sentential Negation
Adverbial negation = on
Negative adverb modifies = V
Negative adverb order = Before-modifying
Negative adverb spelling = ma
►
Coordination
cs1_np = on
cs1_vp = on
cs1_pat = Monosyndeton
cs1_mark = Word
cs1_orth = u
cs1_order = Before-modifying
►
Argument Optionality
Subject Drop = Subj Drop Always
Subj Mark Drop = Subj Mark Req
Subj Mark No Drop = Subj Mark Req
Subject Context = Subj Context All
Object Drop = Obj Drop Always
Obj Mark Drop = Obj Mark Req
Obj Mark Drop = Obj Mark Opt
►
?
Lexicon
noun1_name = pronoun
noun1_feat1_name = ntype
noun1_feat1_value = pronoun
noun2_name = non-pro
noun2_feat1_name = ntype
noun2_feat1_value = non-pro
noun3_name = singular
noun3_feat1_name = Subtype {i} number
noun3_feat1_value = sg
noun4_name = plural
noun4_feat1_name = Subtype {i} number
noun4_feat1_value = pl
noun5_name = prop
noun5_feat1_name = human
noun5_feat1_value = plus
noun6_name = non-human
noun6_feat1_name = human
noun6_feat1_value = minus
noun7_name = masculine
noun7_feat1_name = Gender
noun7_feat1_value = masc
noun8_name = feminine
noun8_feat1_name = Gender
noun8_feat1_value = fem
noun9_name = m-proper-noun
noun9_supertypes = noun2, noun3, noun5, noun7
noun9_feat1_name = Person
noun9_feat1_value = 3rd
noun9_det = Impossibly
noun9_stem1_orth = Pawlu
noun9_stem1_pred = _named_rel
noun9_stem2_orth = Ganni
noun9_stem2_pred = _name_rel
noun10_name = f-proper-noun
noun10_supertypes = noun2, noun3, noun5, noun8
noun10_feat1_name = Person
noun10_feat1_value = 3rd
noun10_det = Impossibly
noun10_stem1_orth = Norma
noun10_stem1_pred = _name_rel
noun11_name = f-common-noun-non-human
noun11_supertypes = noun2, noun6, noun8
noun11_feat1_name = Person
noun11_feat1_value = 3rd
noun11_det = Adposition {i} optional
noun11_stem1_orth = mazzita
noun11_stem1_pred = _blutwurst_n_rel
noun11_stem2_orth = ittra
noun11_stem2_pred = _letter_n_rel
noun11_stem3_orth = universita
noun11_stem3_pred = _university_n_rel
noun12_name = m-common-noun-non-human
noun12_supertypes = noun2, noun6, noun7
noun12_feat1_name = Person
noun12_feat1_value = 3rd
noun12_det = Adposition {i} optional
noun12_stem1_orth = ktieb
noun12_stem1_pred = _book_n_rel
noun13_name = 1pl-pronoun
noun13_supertypes = noun1, noun4
noun13_feat1_name = Person
noun13_feat1_value = 1st
noun13_det = Impossibly
noun13_stem1_orth = athna
noun13_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun14_name = 2pl-pronoun
noun14_supertypes = noun1, noun4
noun14_feat1_name = Person
noun14_feat1_value = 2nd
noun14_det = Impossibly
noun14_stem1_orth = intom
noun14_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun15_name = 3pl-pronoun
noun15_supertypes = noun1, noun4
noun15_feat1_name = Person
noun15_feat1_value = 3rd
noun15_det = Impossibly
noun15_stem1_orth = huma
noun15_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun16_name = 2sg-pronoun
noun16_supertypes = noun1, noun3
noun16_feat1_name = Person
noun16_feat1_value = 2nd
noun16_det = Impossibly
noun16_stem1_orth = int
noun16_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun17_name = 1sg-pronoun
noun17_supertypes = noun1, noun3
noun17_feat1_name = Person
noun17_feat1_value = 1st
noun17_det = Impossibly
noun17_stem1_orth = jien
noun17_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun-slot1_name = definite
noun-slot1_order = Before-modifying
noun-slot1_input3_type = noun-slot2
noun-slot1_morph1_name = def
noun-slot1_morph1_orth = l-
noun-slot2_name = Subtype {i} number
noun-slot2_obligatory = on
noun-slot2_order = After-modifying
noun-slot2_input1_type = noun3
noun-slot2_input2_type = noun4
noun-slot2_morph1_name = sg
noun-slot2_morph1_feat1_name = Subtype {i} number
noun-slot2_morph1_feat1_value = sg
noun-slot2_morph2_name = non-sg
noun-slot2_morph2_orth = jiet
noun-slot2_morph2_feat1_name = Subtype {i} number
noun-slot2_morph2_feat1_value = non-sg
verb1_name = Intransitive
verb1_valence = nom
verb1_stem1_orth = thrg-aeoo
verb1_stem1_pred = _leave_v_rel
verb1_require1_other-slot = verb-slot1, verb-slot2
verb2_name = Transitive
verb2_valence = Nominative-accusative
verb2_stem1_orth = kl-ieio
verb2_stem1_pred = _eat_v_rel
verb2_stem2_orth = ktb-ieie
verb2_stem2_pred = _write_v_rel
verb2_stem3_orth = raj
verb2_stem3_pred = _see_v_rel
verb2_stem4_orth = xtraj
verb2_stem4_pred = _buy_v_rel
verb2_require1_other-slot = verb-slot1, verb-slot2
verb2_require2_other-slot = verb-slot4
aux1_name = future-aux
aux1_sem = No predicate
aux1_feat1_name = Tense
aux1_feat1_value = Future
aux1_feat1_head = Any verb
aux1_subj = NP comp case
aux1_compfeature1_name = form
aux1_compfeature1_value = finite
aux1_stem1_orth = se
aux1_stem2_orth = sejjer
aux2_name = past-progressive-aux
aux2_sem = No predicate
aux2_feat1_name = Tense
aux2_feat1_value = Past
aux2_feat1_head = Any verb
aux2_subj = NP comp case
aux2_compfeature1_name = form
aux2_compfeature1_value = finite
aux2_compfeature2_name = Aspect
aux2_compfeature2_value = progressive
aux2_stem1_orth = kwn-ie
aux3_name = progressive-aux
aux3_sem = No predicate
aux3_subj = NP comp case
aux3_compfeature1_name = form
aux3_compfeature1_value = finite
aux3_compfeature2_name = Aspect
aux3_compfeature2_value = progressive
aux3_stem1_orth = qed
verb-slot1_name = aspect-png-suffix
verb-slot1_obligatory = on
verb-slot1_order = After-modifying
verb-slot1_input1_type = Any intransitive verb
verb-slot1_input2_type = Any transitive verb
verb-slot1_morph1_name = 3sg-m-pefect
verb-slot1_morph1_orth = -CvCvC
verb-slot1_morph1_feat1_name = Gender
verb-slot1_morph1_feat1_value = masc
verb-slot1_morph1_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph1_feat2_name = Person
verb-slot1_morph1_feat2_value = 3rd
verb-slot1_morph1_feat2_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph1_feat3_name = Subtype {i} number
verb-slot1_morph1_feat3_value = sg
verb-slot1_morph1_feat3_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph1_feat4_name = Aspect
verb-slot1_morph1_feat4_value = perfect
verb-slot1_morph1_feat4_head = Any verb
verb-slot1_morph2_name = 1-or-2sg-perfect
verb-slot1_morph2_orth = -CCvCt
verb-slot1_morph2_feat1_name = Person
verb-slot1_morph2_feat1_value = 1st, 2nd
verb-slot1_morph2_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph2_feat2_name = Subtype {i} number
verb-slot1_morph2_feat2_value = sg
verb-slot1_morph2_feat2_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph2_feat3_name = Aspect
verb-slot1_morph2_feat3_value = perfect
verb-slot1_morph2_feat3_head = Any verb
verb-slot1_morph3_name = 3sg-f-perfect
verb-slot1_morph3_orth = -CvCCvt
verb-slot1_morph3_feat1_name = Person
verb-slot1_morph3_feat1_value = 3rd
verb-slot1_morph3_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph3_feat2_name = Subtype {i} number
verb-slot1_morph3_feat2_value = sg
verb-slot1_morph3_feat2_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph3_feat3_name = Gender
verb-slot1_morph3_feat3_value = fem
verb-slot1_morph3_feat3_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph3_feat4_name = Aspect
verb-slot1_morph3_feat4_value = perfect
verb-slot1_morph3_feat4_head = Any verb
verb-slot1_morph4_name = 1pl-perfect
verb-slot1_morph4_orth = -CCvCna
verb-slot1_morph4_feat1_name = Person
verb-slot1_morph4_feat1_value = 1st
verb-slot1_morph4_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph4_feat2_name = Subtype {i} number
verb-slot1_morph4_feat2_value = non-sg
verb-slot1_morph4_feat2_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph4_feat3_name = Aspect
verb-slot1_morph4_feat3_value = perfect
verb-slot1_morph4_feat3_head = Any verb
verb-slot1_morph5_name = 2pl-perfect
verb-slot1_morph5_orth = -CCvCtu
verb-slot1_morph5_feat1_name = Person
verb-slot1_morph5_feat1_value = 2nd
verb-slot1_morph5_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph5_feat2_name = Subtype {i} number
verb-slot1_morph5_feat2_value = non-sg
verb-slot1_morph5_feat2_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph5_feat3_name = Aspect
verb-slot1_morph5_feat3_value = perfect
verb-slot1_morph5_feat3_head = Any verb
verb-slot1_morph6_name = 3pl-perfect
verb-slot1_morph6_orth = -CvCCu
verb-slot1_morph6_feat1_name = Person
verb-slot1_morph6_feat1_value = 3rd
verb-slot1_morph6_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph6_feat2_name = Subtype {i} number
verb-slot1_morph6_feat2_value = non-sg
verb-slot1_morph6_feat2_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph6_feat3_name = Aspect
verb-slot1_morph6_feat3_value = perfect
verb-slot1_morph6_feat3_head = Any verb
verb-slot1_morph7_feat1_name = Person
verb-slot1_morph7_feat1_value = 1st
verb-slot1_morph7_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph7_feat2_name = Subtype {i} number
verb-slot1_morph7_feat2_value = sg
verb-slot1_morph7_feat2_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph7_feat3_name = Aspect
verb-slot1_morph7_feat3_value = imperfect
verb-slot1_morph7_feat3_head = Any verb
verb-slot2_name = aspect-png-prefix
verb-slot2_obligatory = on
verb-slot2_order = Before-modifying
verb-slot2_input1_type = Any intransitive verb
verb-slot2_input2_type = Any transitive verb
verb-slot2_morph8_name = 2sg-imperfect
verb-slot2_morph8_orth = tvCCvC-
verb-slot2_morph8_feat1_name = Person
verb-slot2_morph8_feat1_value = 2nd
verb-slot2_morph8_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph8_feat2_name = Subtype {i} number
verb-slot2_morph8_feat2_value = sg
verb-slot2_morph8_feat2_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph8_feat3_name = Aspect
verb-slot2_morph8_feat3_value = imperfect
verb-slot2_morph8_feat3_head = Any verb
verb-slot2_morph9_name = 3sg-f-imperfect
verb-slot2_morph9_orth = tvCCvC-
verb-slot2_morph9_feat1_name = Person
verb-slot2_morph9_feat1_value = 3rd
verb-slot2_morph9_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph9_feat2_name = Subtype {i} number
verb-slot2_morph9_feat2_value = sg
verb-slot2_morph9_feat2_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph9_feat3_name = Gender
verb-slot2_morph9_feat3_value = fem
verb-slot2_morph9_feat3_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph9_feat4_name = Aspect
verb-slot2_morph9_feat4_value = imperfect
verb-slot2_morph9_feat4_head = Any verb
verb-slot2_morph10_name = 1pl-imperfect
verb-slot2_morph10_orth = nvCCCu-
verb-slot2_morph10_feat1_name = Person
verb-slot2_morph10_feat1_value = 1st
verb-slot2_morph10_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph10_feat2_name = Subtype {i} number
verb-slot2_morph10_feat2_value = pl
verb-slot2_morph10_feat2_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph10_feat3_name = Aspect
verb-slot2_morph10_feat3_value = imperfect
verb-slot2_morph10_feat3_head = Any verb
verb-slot2_morph11_name = 2pl-imperfect
verb-slot2_morph11_orth = tvCCCu-
verb-slot2_morph11_feat1_name = Person
verb-slot2_morph11_feat1_value = 2nd
verb-slot2_morph11_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph11_feat2_name = Subtype {i} number
verb-slot2_morph11_feat2_value = pl
verb-slot2_morph11_feat2_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph11_feat3_name = Aspect
verb-slot2_morph11_feat3_value = imperfect
verb-slot2_morph11_feat3_head = Any verb
verb-slot2_morph12_name = 3pl-imperfect
verb-slot2_morph12_orth = jvCCCu-
verb-slot2_morph12_feat1_name = Person
verb-slot2_morph12_feat1_value = 3rd
verb-slot2_morph12_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph12_feat2_name = Subtype {i} number
verb-slot2_morph12_feat2_value = pl
verb-slot2_morph12_feat2_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph12_feat3_name = Aspect
verb-slot2_morph12_feat3_value = imperfect
verb-slot2_morph12_feat3_head = Any verb
verb-slot2_morph13_name = 3sg-m-imperfect
verb-slot2_morph13_orth = jvCCvC-
verb-slot2_morph13_feat1_name = Person
verb-slot2_morph13_feat1_value = 3rd
verb-slot2_morph13_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph13_feat2_name = Subtype {i} number
verb-slot2_morph13_feat2_value = sg
verb-slot2_morph13_feat2_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph13_feat3_name = Gender
verb-slot2_morph13_feat3_value = masc
verb-slot2_morph13_feat3_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph13_feat4_name = Aspect
verb-slot2_morph13_feat4_value = imperfect
verb-slot2_morph13_feat4_head = Any verb
verb-slot2_morph14_name = 1sg-imperfect
verb-slot2_morph14_orth = nvCCvC-
verb-slot2_morph14_feat1_name = Person
verb-slot2_morph14_feat1_value = 1st
verb-slot2_morph14_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph14_feat2_name = Subtype {i} number
verb-slot2_morph14_feat2_value = sg
verb-slot2_morph14_feat2_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph14_feat3_name = Aspect
verb-slot2_morph14_feat3_value = imperfect
verb-slot2_morph14_feat3_head = Any verb
verb-slot3_name = negation-marking
verb-slot3_order = After-modifying
verb-slot3_input2_type = verb-slot4
verb-slot3_input3_type = verb-slot1
verb-slot3_input4_type = verb-slot2
verb-slot3_morph1_name = negation
verb-slot3_morph1_orth = -x
verb-slot4_name = obj-marker
verb-slot4_order = After-modifying
verb-slot4_input1_type = verb-slot1
verb-slot4_input2_type = verb-slot2
verb-slot4_morph1_name = 3f-obj
verb-slot4_morph1_orth = -ha
verb-slot4_morph1_feat1_name = Person
verb-slot4_morph1_feat1_value = 3rd
verb-slot4_morph1_feat1_head = The object
verb-slot4_morph1_feat2_name = Gender
verb-slot4_morph1_feat2_value = fem
verb-slot4_morph1_feat2_head = The object
verb-slot4_morph1_feat3_name = overt-arg
verb-slot4_morph1_feat3_value = permitted
verb-slot4_morph1_feat3_head = The object
adp1_orth = lil
adp1_opt = on
adp1_order = Before-modifying
adp1_feat1_name = case
adp1_feat1_value = acc
adp1_feat2_name = human
adp1_feat2_value = plus
adp1_feat3_name = ntype
adp1_feat3_value = non-pro
Sample Grammars:
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(empty questionnaire)
(minimal grammar)
Japanese
Maltese
mini English
Umatilla Sahaptin