Filling out this form will produce a starter grammar for a natural
language, consisting of a language-independent core and customized
support for the phenomena you describe below. Be advised that this
system is highly experimental. We are interested in your feedback.
If you have questions or comments, please email Emily Bender at:
ebender at u dot washington dot edu.
NOTE: Throughout the questionnaire, questions or subpages that lack
a required answer or contain an incorrect answer are marked with a red
asterisk:
*.
Questions or subpages that contain answers that might be problematic,
but are not outright incorrect, are marked with a red question mark:
?.
Hovering the mouse cursor over a red asterisk or question mark will
show a tooltip describing the error. Clicking on a red asterisk or
question mark that is on the main page will link to the error or warning
on the appropriate subpage.
►
Word Order
Basic word order = Verb, Subject, Object
Has determiners = No
Has auxiliaries = No
►
Number
number1_name = sg
number2_name = du
number3_name = pl
►
Person
Person = First, second, and third
First person = Inclusive/exclusive
Inclusive/exclusive number = du, pl
►
Case
Core case marking = Nominative-accusative
Nominative case name = nom
Accusative case name = The object
►
Direct-inverse
scale1_feat1_name = pernum
scale1_feat1_value = 1st
scale2_feat1_name = pernum
scale2_feat1_value = 2nd
scale3_feat1_name = pernum
scale3_feat1_value = 3rd
scale3_feat2_name = topicality
scale3_feat2_value = topic
scale4_feat1_name = pernum
scale4_feat1_value = 3rd
scale4_feat2_name = topicality
scale4_feat2_value = non-topic
Direction when equal = Direct
►
Other Features
feature1_name = topicality
feature1_type = Index
feature1_value1_name = topic
feature1_value1_supertype1_name = topicality
feature1_value2_name = non-topic
feature1_value2_supertype1_name = topicality
feature2_name = proximity
feature2_type = Copula Position Class {i} Lexical Rule Type {j} Feature {k} Head
feature2_value1_name = proximate
feature2_value1_supertype1_name = proximity
feature2_value2_name = obviative
feature2_value2_supertype1_name = proximity
feature2_value3_name = neutral
feature2_value3_supertype1_name = proximity
►
Lexicon
noun1_name = 1sg-pronoun
noun1_feat1_name = case
noun1_feat1_value = nom
noun1_feat2_name = pernum
noun1_feat2_value = 1sg
noun1_feat3_name = proximity
noun1_feat3_value = neutral
noun1_det = Impossibly
noun1_stem1_orth = ín
noun1_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun2_name = 2sg-pronoun
noun2_feat1_name = case
noun2_feat1_value = nom
noun2_feat2_name = pernum
noun2_feat2_value = 2sg
noun2_det = Impossibly
noun2_stem1_orth = ím
noun2_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun3_name = 3sg-pronoun
noun3_feat1_name = case
noun3_feat1_value = nom
noun3_feat2_name = pernum
noun3_feat2_value = 3sg
noun3_feat3_name = proximity
noun3_feat3_value = neutral
noun3_det = Impossibly
noun3_stem1_orth = pɨ́n
noun3_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun4_name = 3sgobv-pronoun
noun4_feat1_name = case
noun4_feat1_value = nom
noun4_feat2_name = pernum
noun4_feat2_value = 3sg
noun4_feat3_name = proximity
noun4_feat3_value = obviative
noun4_det = Impossibly
noun4_stem1_orth = piiní
noun4_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun5_name = 3sginv-pronoun
noun5_feat1_name = case
noun5_feat1_value = nom
noun5_feat2_name = pernum
noun5_feat2_value = 3sg
noun5_feat3_name = proximity
noun5_feat3_value = proximate
noun5_det = Impossibly
noun5_stem1_orth = pnɨ́m
noun5_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun6_name = 1du-pronoun
noun6_feat1_name = case
noun6_feat1_value = nom
noun6_feat2_name = pernum
noun6_feat2_value = 1du
noun6_feat3_name = proximity
noun6_feat3_value = neutral
noun6_det = Impossibly
noun6_stem1_orth = napiiní
noun6_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun7_name = 2du-pronoun
noun7_feat1_name = case
noun7_feat1_value = nom
noun7_feat2_name = pernum
noun7_feat2_value = 2du
noun7_feat3_name = proximity
noun7_feat3_value = neutral
noun7_det = Impossibly
noun7_stem1_orth = imiiní
noun7_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun8_name = 3du-pronoun
noun8_feat1_name = case
noun8_feat1_value = nom
noun8_feat2_name = pernum
noun8_feat2_value = 3du
noun8_feat3_name = proximity
noun8_feat3_value = neutral
noun8_det = Impossibly
noun8_stem1_orth = piiní
noun8_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun9_name = 1pl-pronoun
noun9_feat1_name = case
noun9_feat1_value = nom
noun9_feat2_name = pernum
noun9_feat2_value = 1pl
noun9_feat3_name = proximity
noun9_feat3_value = neutral
noun9_det = Impossibly
noun9_stem1_orth = náma
noun9_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun10_name = 2pl-pronoun
noun10_feat1_name = case
noun10_feat1_value = nom
noun10_feat2_name = pernum
noun10_feat2_value = 2pl
noun10_feat3_name = proximity
noun10_feat3_value = neutral
noun10_det = Impossibly
noun10_stem1_orth = imáy
noun10_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun11_name = 3pl-pronoun
noun11_feat1_name = case
noun11_feat1_value = nom
noun11_feat2_name = pernum
noun11_feat2_value = 3pl
noun11_feat3_name = proximity
noun11_feat3_value = neutral
noun11_det = Impossibly
noun11_stem1_orth = pmáy
noun11_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun12_name = 1sgobj-pronoun
noun12_feat1_name = case
noun12_feat1_value = acc
noun12_feat2_name = pernum
noun12_feat2_value = 1sg
noun12_det = Impossibly
noun12_stem1_orth = ináy
noun12_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun13_name = 2sgobj-pronoun
noun13_feat1_name = case
noun13_feat1_value = acc
noun13_feat2_name = pernum
noun13_feat2_value = 2sg
noun13_det = Impossibly
noun13_stem1_orth = imanáy
noun13_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun14_name = 3sgobj-pronoun
noun14_feat1_name = case
noun14_feat1_value = acc
noun14_feat2_name = pernum
noun14_feat2_value = 3sg
noun14_det = Impossibly
noun14_stem1_orth = paanáy
noun14_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun15_name = 1duobj-pronoun
noun15_feat1_name = case
noun15_feat1_value = acc
noun15_feat2_name = pernum
noun15_feat2_value = 1du
noun15_det = Impossibly
noun15_stem1_orth = napiinamanáy
noun15_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun16_name = 2duobj-pronoun
noun16_feat1_name = case
noun16_feat1_value = acc
noun16_feat2_name = pernum
noun16_feat2_value = 2du
noun16_det = Impossibly
noun16_stem1_orth = imiinamanáy
noun16_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun17_name = 3duobj-pronoun
noun17_feat1_name = case
noun17_feat1_value = acc
noun17_feat2_name = pernum
noun17_feat2_value = 3du
noun17_det = Impossibly
noun17_stem1_orth = piinamanáy
noun17_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun18_name = 1plobj-pronoun
noun18_feat1_name = case
noun18_feat1_value = acc
noun18_feat2_name = pernum
noun18_feat2_value = 1pl
noun18_det = Impossibly
noun18_stem1_orth = naamanáy
noun18_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun19_name = 2plobj-pronoun
noun19_feat1_name = case
noun19_feat1_value = acc
noun19_feat2_name = pernum
noun19_feat2_value = 2pl
noun19_det = Impossibly
noun19_stem1_orth = imaamanáy
noun19_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun20_name = 3plobj-pronoun
noun20_feat1_name = case
noun20_feat1_value = acc
noun20_feat2_name = pernum
noun20_feat2_value = 3pl
noun20_det = Impossibly
noun20_stem1_orth = paamanáy
noun20_stem1_pred = _pronoun_n_rel
noun-slot1_name = topic
noun-slot1_order = After-modifying
noun-slot1_input1_type = Any noun
noun-slot1_morph1_orth = -TOP
noun-slot1_morph1_feat1_name = pernum
noun-slot1_morph1_feat1_value = 3rd
noun-slot1_morph1_feat2_name = topicality
noun-slot1_morph1_feat2_value = topic
noun-slot1_morph2_feat1_name = topicality
noun-slot1_morph2_feat1_value = non-topic
verb1_valence = nom
verb1_stem1_orth = wína
verb1_stem1_pred = _wína_v_rel
verb2_valence = nom-acc,dirinv
verb2_stem1_orth = q̓ínun
verb2_stem1_pred = _q̓ínun_v_rel
verb-slot1_name = intrans-prefix
verb-slot1_order = Before-modifying
verb-slot1_input1_type = verb1
verb-slot1_morph1_orth = i-
verb-slot1_morph1_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot1_morph1_feat1_value = 3sg
verb-slot1_morph1_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph1_feat2_name = proximity
verb-slot1_morph1_feat2_value = neutral
verb-slot1_morph1_feat2_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph2_orth = pa-
verb-slot1_morph2_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot1_morph2_feat1_value = 3du, 3pl
verb-slot1_morph2_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot1_morph3_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot1_morph3_feat1_value = 1st, 2nd
verb-slot1_morph3_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot2_name = trans-prefix
verb-slot2_order = Before-modifying
verb-slot2_input1_type = verb2
verb-slot2_morph1_orth = i-
verb-slot2_morph1_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot2_morph1_feat1_value = 3sg
verb-slot2_morph1_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph1_feat2_name = topicality
verb-slot2_morph1_feat2_value = non-topic
verb-slot2_morph1_feat2_head = The object
verb-slot2_morph2_orth = pa-
verb-slot2_morph2_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot2_morph2_feat1_value = 3du, 3pl
verb-slot2_morph2_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph2_feat2_name = topicality
verb-slot2_morph2_feat2_value = non-topic
verb-slot2_morph2_feat2_head = The object
verb-slot2_morph3_orth = á-
verb-slot2_morph3_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot2_morph3_feat1_value = 1st, 2nd
verb-slot2_morph3_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph3_feat2_name = pernum
verb-slot2_morph3_feat2_value = 3rd
verb-slot2_morph3_feat2_head = The object
verb-slot2_morph4_orth = pá-
verb-slot2_morph4_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot2_morph4_feat1_value = 2sg
verb-slot2_morph4_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph4_feat2_name = pernum
verb-slot2_morph4_feat2_value = 1sg
verb-slot2_morph4_feat2_head = The object
verb-slot2_morph5_orth = pá-
verb-slot2_morph5_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot2_morph5_feat1_value = 3sg
verb-slot2_morph5_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph5_feat2_name = pernum
verb-slot2_morph5_feat2_value = 3sg
verb-slot2_morph5_feat2_head = The object
verb-slot2_morph5_feat3_name = topicality
verb-slot2_morph5_feat3_value = non-topic
verb-slot2_morph5_feat3_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph5_feat4_name = topicality
verb-slot2_morph5_feat4_value = topic
verb-slot2_morph5_feat4_head = The object
verb-slot2_morph6_orth = patá-
verb-slot2_morph6_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot2_morph6_feat1_value = 3du, 3pl
verb-slot2_morph6_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph6_feat2_name = pernum
verb-slot2_morph6_feat2_value = 3sg
verb-slot2_morph6_feat2_head = The object
verb-slot2_morph6_feat3_name = topicality
verb-slot2_morph6_feat3_value = non-topic
verb-slot2_morph6_feat3_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph6_feat4_name = topicality
verb-slot2_morph6_feat4_value = topic
verb-slot2_morph6_feat4_head = The object
verb-slot2_morph7_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot2_morph7_feat1_value = 1st
verb-slot2_morph7_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph7_feat2_name = pernum
verb-slot2_morph7_feat2_value = 2nd
verb-slot2_morph7_feat2_head = The object
verb-slot2_morph8_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot2_morph8_feat1_value = 2du, 2pl
verb-slot2_morph8_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph8_feat2_name = pernum
verb-slot2_morph8_feat2_value = 1st
verb-slot2_morph8_feat2_head = The object
verb-slot2_morph9_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot2_morph9_feat1_value = 2sg
verb-slot2_morph9_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot2_morph9_feat2_name = pernum
verb-slot2_morph9_feat2_value = 1du, 1pl
verb-slot2_morph9_feat2_head = The object
verb-slot3_name = intrans-enclitic
verb-slot3_order = After-modifying
verb-slot3_input1_type = verb-slot1
verb-slot3_morph1_orth = =naš
verb-slot3_morph1_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot3_morph1_feat1_value = 1sg
verb-slot3_morph1_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot3_morph2_orth = =na
verb-slot3_morph2_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot3_morph2_feat1_value = 1du_incl, 1pl_incl
verb-slot3_morph2_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot3_morph3_orth = =nataš
verb-slot3_morph3_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot3_morph3_feat1_value = 1du_excl, 1pl_excl
verb-slot3_morph3_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot3_morph4_orth = =nam
verb-slot3_morph4_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot3_morph4_feat1_value = 2sg
verb-slot3_morph4_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot3_morph5_orth = =pam
verb-slot3_morph5_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot3_morph5_feat1_value = 2du, 2pl
verb-slot3_morph5_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot3_morph6_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot3_morph6_feat1_value = 3rd
verb-slot3_morph6_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot4_name = trans-enclitic
verb-slot4_order = After-modifying
verb-slot4_input1_type = verb-slot2
verb-slot4_morph1_orth = =naš
verb-slot4_morph1_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph1_feat1_value = 1sg
verb-slot4_morph1_feat1_head = Higher-ranked
verb-slot4_morph1_feat2_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph1_feat2_value = 3rd
verb-slot4_morph1_feat2_head = Lower-ranked
verb-slot4_morph2_orth = =na
verb-slot4_morph2_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph2_feat1_value = 1du_incl, 1pl_incl
verb-slot4_morph2_feat1_head = Higher-ranked
verb-slot4_morph2_feat2_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph2_feat2_value = 3rd
verb-slot4_morph2_feat2_head = Lower-ranked
verb-slot4_morph3_orth = =nataš
verb-slot4_morph3_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph3_feat1_value = 1du_excl, 1pl_excl
verb-slot4_morph3_feat1_head = Higher-ranked
verb-slot4_morph3_feat2_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph3_feat2_value = 3rd
verb-slot4_morph3_feat2_head = Lower-ranked
verb-slot4_morph4_orth = =nam
verb-slot4_morph4_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph4_feat1_value = 2sg
verb-slot4_morph4_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot4_morph5_orth = =nam
verb-slot4_morph5_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph5_feat1_value = 3rd
verb-slot4_morph5_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot4_morph5_feat2_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph5_feat2_value = 2sg
verb-slot4_morph5_feat2_head = The object
verb-slot4_morph6_orth = =pam
verb-slot4_morph6_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph6_feat1_value = 2du, 2pl
verb-slot4_morph6_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot4_morph7_orth = =pam
verb-slot4_morph7_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph7_feat1_value = 3rd
verb-slot4_morph7_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot4_morph7_feat2_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph7_feat2_value = 2du, 2pl
verb-slot4_morph7_feat2_head = The object
verb-slot4_morph8_orth = =maš
verb-slot4_morph8_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph8_feat1_value = 1sg
verb-slot4_morph8_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot4_morph8_feat2_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph8_feat2_value = 2sg
verb-slot4_morph8_feat2_head = The object
verb-slot4_morph9_orth = =mataš
verb-slot4_morph9_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph9_feat1_value = 1st
verb-slot4_morph9_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot4_morph9_feat2_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph9_feat2_value = 2du, 2pl
verb-slot4_morph9_feat2_head = The object
verb-slot4_morph10_orth = =mataš
verb-slot4_morph10_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph10_feat1_value = 1du, 1pl
verb-slot4_morph10_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot4_morph10_feat2_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph10_feat2_value = 2sg
verb-slot4_morph10_feat2_head = The object
verb-slot4_morph11_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph11_feat1_value = 3rd
verb-slot4_morph11_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot4_morph11_feat2_name = pernum
verb-slot4_morph11_feat2_value = 3rd
verb-slot4_morph11_feat2_head = The object
verb-slot5_name = subjprox
verb-slot5_order = After-modifying
verb-slot5_input1_type = verb-slot4
verb-slot5_morph1_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot5_morph1_feat1_value = 3sg
verb-slot5_morph1_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot5_morph1_feat2_name = proximity
verb-slot5_morph1_feat2_value = proximate
verb-slot5_morph1_feat2_head = The subject
verb-slot5_morph1_feat3_name = topicality
verb-slot5_morph1_feat3_value = non-topic
verb-slot5_morph1_feat3_head = The object
verb-slot5_morph1_feat4_name = direction
verb-slot5_morph1_feat4_value = inv
verb-slot5_morph1_feat4_head = Any verb
verb-slot5_morph2_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot5_morph2_feat1_value = 3sg
verb-slot5_morph2_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot5_morph2_feat2_name = topicality
verb-slot5_morph2_feat2_value = topic
verb-slot5_morph2_feat2_head = The subject
verb-slot5_morph2_feat3_name = pernum
verb-slot5_morph2_feat3_value = 3sg
verb-slot5_morph2_feat3_head = The object
verb-slot5_morph2_feat4_name = proximity
verb-slot5_morph2_feat4_value = obviative
verb-slot5_morph2_feat4_head = The subject
verb-slot5_morph3_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot5_morph3_feat1_value = 3sg
verb-slot5_morph3_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot5_morph3_feat2_name = pernum
verb-slot5_morph3_feat2_value = 3sg
verb-slot5_morph3_feat2_head = The object
verb-slot5_morph3_feat3_name = topicality
verb-slot5_morph3_feat3_value = topic
verb-slot5_morph3_feat3_head = The object
verb-slot5_morph3_feat4_name = proximity
verb-slot5_morph3_feat4_value = neutral
verb-slot5_morph3_feat4_head = The subject
verb-slot5_morph4_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot5_morph4_feat1_value = 3sg
verb-slot5_morph4_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot5_morph4_feat2_name = pernum
verb-slot5_morph4_feat2_value = 3du, 3pl
verb-slot5_morph4_feat2_head = The object
verb-slot5_morph4_feat3_name = proximity
verb-slot5_morph4_feat3_value = neutral
verb-slot5_morph4_feat3_head = The subject
verb-slot5_morph5_feat1_name = pernum
verb-slot5_morph5_feat1_value = 1st, 2nd, 3du, 3pl
verb-slot5_morph5_feat1_head = The subject
verb-slot5_morph5_feat2_name = proximity
verb-slot5_morph5_feat2_value = neutral
verb-slot5_morph5_feat2_head = The subject
Sample Grammars:
Click a link below to have the questionnaire filled out automatically.
(empty questionnaire)
(minimal grammar)
Japanese
Maltese
mini English
Umatilla Sahaptin