Language: Nishnaabemwin
Language code: ojb
Author: Prescott Klassen, Jason Shaw
Date: January 13, 2010
Source a: Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar, Valentine, 2001 

#1 vii (verb inanimate intransitive), desiderative aspect, independent word order
Source: a:776
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo
Waagaakwad wiigiinboode
Waagaakwad wii-giinboode
axe FUT-be.sharpened.SG
'The axe needs sharpening'

#2 vii
Source: a:542
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo
Baatiinad wiiyaas
W-doo-baatiina wiiyaas
3-PRES-be.abundant.SG meat
'There is plenty of meat'

#3 vai
Source: a:548
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo
Giizegzi Nenbozh
W-gii-zegzi Nenbozh
3-PAST-be.frightened Nenabush.3.SG.ANIM
'Nenabush was frightened'

#4 vai
Source: a:548
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo
Nenbozh giizegzi
Nenbozh w-gii-zegzi
Nenabush 3-PAST-be.frightened
'Nenabush was frightened'

#5 vai
Source: a:935
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo
Ntaagshkigwaaso nnahaangnikwem
W-doo-ntaa-gshkigwaaso nnahaangnikwem
3-PRES-HAB-be.good.at.sewing my.daughter.in.law
'My daughter-in-law is good at sewing'

#6 vta
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo
Nenbozh giiwwabmigoon nnahaangnikwem
Nenbozh w-gii-waabam-igw-an nnahaangnikwem
Nenabush 3-PAST-see-INV.THM-3.OBV.AC my.daughter.in.law
'Nenabush saw my daughter-in-law'

#7 vti
Source: a:125
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo, pn
Nmamaa giizhitoonan maamin jiimaanan
Nmamaa w-gii-zhit-oo-nan maamin jiimaan-an
my.mother 3-PAST-make-THM2.VTI-INAN.PL.GL this.3.PL boat-PL
'My mother made these boats'

##8 vai NO ANALYSIS OF -sh, EXAMPLE OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN
#Source: author
#Vetted: f
#Judgment: g
#Phenomena: wo, pn
#Giiyaawagsh giwi kwewag
#W-gii-yaawag-sh giwi kwe-wag
#3-PAST-be.there that.3.PL woman-PL
#'Those women were there'

#9 vai
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo, pn
Maaba nishnaabe moonshkwed
Maaba nishnaabe w-doo-moonshkwed
this.3.SG Indian 3-PRES-weed
'This Indian is weeding'

#10 vai ...may be ungrammatical based on our det-noun selection
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo, pn
Giizegzi maaba nishnaabe
W-gii-zegzi maaba nishnaabe
3-PAST-be.frightened this.3.SG Indian
'This Indian was frightened'

#11 vta ...may not be able to have both the first person on verb and demonstrative pronoun
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo, pn
Niin giwi kwewag nwiignawenmaag
Niin giwi kwe-wag n-wii-gnawenim-aa-ag
I that.3.PL woman-PL 1-FUT-take.charge.of-DIR.THM-3.PL.GL
'I will take charge of those women'

#12 vai
Source: a:613
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo, pn
Giin ggiimmaazhiiwii
Giin g-gii-mmaazhiiwii
you 2-PAST-do.poorly
'You did poorly'

#13 vti
Source: a:216
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo, pn, def
Wjiigdahaan wi wiigwaam wa kwe
W-doo-wjiigdah-am wi wiigwaam wa kwe
3-PRES-sweep.out-THM1.VTI that.3.SG house that.3.SG woman
'That women is sweeping out that house'

#14 vta
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo, pn, def
Wgiiwwabmaan wa kwe niwi binoojiinyan
W-gii-waabam-aa-an wa kwe niwi binoojiinh-an
3-PAST-see-DIR.THM-3.OBV.GL that.3.SG woman that.3.PL child-OBV
'That woman saw the children'

##15 vta
#Source: author
#Vetted: f
#Judgment: g
#Phenomena: wo, pn, def
#Nanda kwewag wgiiwwabmigoon niwi binoojiinyan
#Nanda kwe-wag w-gii-waabam-igw-an niwi binoojiinh-ag
#this.3.SG woman-OBV 3-PAST-see-INV.THM-3.OBV.GL that.3.PL child-PL
#'Those children saw the woman'

#16
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo, pn, indef
Bezhig wa nishnaabe wgiiwwababmaan binoojiinyan
Bezhig wa nishnaabe w-gii-wabaam-aa-an binoojiinh-an
one that.3.SG Indian 3-PAST-see-DIR.THM-3.OBV.GL child-OBV
'This one Indian saw children'

#16a
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo, pn, indef
Bezhig nishnaabe wgiiwwababmaan binoojiinyan
Bezhig nishnaabe w-gii-wabaam-aa-an binoojiinh-an
one Indian 3-PAST-see-DIR.THM-3.OBV.GL child-OBV
'One Indian saw children'

#17 vai
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo, pn, indef
Giimaajaad bezhig nishnaabe
W-gii-maajaad bezhig nishnaabe
3-PAST-leave one Indian
'An Indian left'

##18 No analysis of "ogii"; example of unknown origin
#Source: author
#Vetted: f
#Judgment: g
#Phenomena: wo, pn, quant
#Nnahaangnikwem niizh bezhgoognzhiig ogii-yaawaan
#Nnahaangnikwem niizh bezhgoognzhii-g ogii-yaawaan
#my.daughter.in.law two horse-PL PAST-have.3.SG.ANIM
#'My daughter-in-law had three horses'

##19 Uses conjunct order -- not supported yet
#Source: author
#Vetted: f
#Judgment: g
#Phenomena: wo, pn, quant
#Giwi binoojiinyag gii-nsaawaad nswi bezhgoognzhiig
#Giwi binoojiinh-ag w-gii-nsaawaad nswi bezhgoognzhii-g
#that.3.PL child-PL 3-PAST-kill three horse-PL
#'Those children killed three horses'

#20 vai
Source: a:101
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn, agr
Maaba waagosh waannose
Maaba waagosh w-doo-waannose
this.3.SG fox 3-PRES-walk.in.a.circle
'this fox walks in a circle'

#21 vii
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
Nenbozh wiigiinboode
Nenbozh w-wii-giinboode
Nenabush 3-FUT-want.sharpening
'Nenabush needs sharpening'

#22 vai
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
Giizegzi wiiyaas
W-gii-zegzi wiiyaas
3-PAST-be.frightened meat
'The meat was frightened'

#23 vai
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
Giizegzi maamin jiimaanan
W-gii-zegzi maamin jiimaan-an
3-PAST-be.frightened this.3.PL boat-PL
'These boats was frightened'

#24 vti
Source: a:125
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
Nmamaa giizhitoonan wi jiimaanan
Nmamaa w-gii-wzhit-oo-nan wi jiimaan-an
my.mother 3-PAST-make-THM2.VTI-PL.GL that.3.SG boat-PL
'My mother made that boats'

##25
#Source: author
#Vetted: f
#Judgment: u
#Phenomena: agr
#Gii-yaawag-sh maaba nishnaabe
#Gii-yaawag-sh maaba nishnaabe
#PAST-be.there.3.PL.ANIM this.3.SG Indian.3.SG.ANIM
#'This Indian were there'

#26 vta
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
Giin giwi kwewag nwiignawenmaag
giin giwi kwe-wag n-wii-gnawenim-aa-ag
you that.3.PL woman-PL 1-FUT-take.charge.of-DIR.THM-3.PL.GL
'You will take charge of those women'

#3.1
Source: a:12.209/590
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vta, past
Wgiidbaajmaan niw shkiniigkwen
W-gii-dbaajma-aa-an niw shkiniigkwe-n
3-PAST-tell.about-DIR.THM-3.OBV.GL 3.ANIM.OBV.that young.woman-3.OBV
"He talked about that young woman"

#3.2
Source: a:12.163/577
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vta, past
Wgiiwaabmaan niw zhiishiiban
W-gii-waabam-aa-an niw zhiishiib-an
3-PAST-see-DIR.THM-3.OBV.GL 3.ANIM.OBV.that duck-3.OBV
"He saw those ducks"

#3.3
Source: a:12.346/629
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vta, past
Ngiimbwaachhig
N-gii-mbwaachh-igw
1-PAST-visit-INV.THM
"He visited me"

#3.4
Source: a:16.305/838
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vai, neg, past
Gaa wii giinaagzisii
Gaawii w-gii-naagzi-sii
not 3-PAST-be.visible-NEG
"He was not visible"

#3.5
Source: a:16.56/775
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vii, fut
Wiigsinaamgad
W-wii-gwinaamgad
3-FUT-be.cold
"It will be cold"

#3.6
Source: a:16.1/759
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vti, pres
Nwaabndaan jiimaanim
N-waaband-am-n jiimaanim
1-see-THM1.VTI-INAN.GL his.boat
"I see his boat"

#3.8
Source: a:16.3/760
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vai, pres
Ndoommaangshkiinzhgwe
N-doo-mmaangshkiinzhgwe
1-PRES-have.big.eyes
"I have big eyes"

#3.9
Source: a:12.67/549
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vta, past
Wgiibaatiin'haawaan binoojiinyan
W-gii-baatiin'haawaan binoojiinh-an
3-PAST-have.many child-3.OBV
"They had many children"

#3.10
Source: a:16.315/840
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vta, past, neg
Gonda gaa wii wgiiwaabmaasiiwaan
Gonda gaawii w-gii-waabam-aa-siiw-an
3.ANIM.PL.these not 3-PAST-see-DIR.THM-NEG-3.OBV.GL
"These men did not see him"

#3.11
Source: author (cf. 18.7/933)
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vta, pres, pl
Zhiishiiban wminpawaawaan giw gaagog
Zhiishiib-an w-mnopaw-aa-waa-an giw gaag-og
duck-3.OBV 3-like.the.taste.of-DIR.THM-PL.AC-3.OBV.GL 3.ANIM.PL.those porcupine-PL
"Porcupines like to eat ducks"

#3.12
Source: a:13.1/648
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vti, past
Aankonaanyan ngiimiijnan
Aankonaanh-an n-gii-miijid-am-an
cracker-3.INAN.PL 1-PAST-eat-THM1.VTI-3.INAN.PL.GL
"I ate crackers"

#3.13
Source: a:18.53/952
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vii, past, asp, pl, quant
Nswi giibizhaamgadoon jiimaanan
Nswi w-gii-bizhaamgad-oon jiimaan-an
three 3-PAST-come-PL boat-PL
"Three canoes came"

#3.14 Why is the nominal suffix on the verb -an here if the object is proximate?  Women are obviative, children are proximate
Source: a:12.352/631
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vta, past
Niw kwewan wgiignawenmigwaan giw binoojiinyag
Niw kwe-wan w-gii-gnawenim-igw-waa-an giw binoojiinh-ag
3.ANIM.OBV.that woman-OBV 3-PAST-take.care.of-INV.THM-PL.AC-3.PL.GL 3.ANIM.PL.those child-PL
"The women took care of the children"

#3.15 Women are proximate, children are obviative
Source: a:12.351/631
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vta, past
Giw kwewag wgiignawenmaawaan niw binoojiinyan
Giw kwe-wag w-gii-gnawenim-aa-waa-an niw binoojiinh-an
3.ANIM.PL.those woman-PL 3-PAST-take.care.of-DIR.THM-PL.AC-3.OBV.GL 3.ANIM.OBV.that child-OBV
"The women took care of the children"

#3.16
Source: a:12.315/620
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vai, past, neg
Gaa giinbaasii wiin
Gaawii w-gii-nbaa-sii wiin
not 3-PAST-sleep-NEG 3.ANIM.SG
"He did not sleep"

#3.17
Source: a:12.15/534
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vai, fut, indef
Waya danbo
Waya w-wii-nbo
3.SG.PROX 3-FUT-die
"Someone will die"

#3.18
Source: a:12.110/562
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vai, past, pn
Giinshkaadzi maaba gchibne
W-gii-nshkaadzi maaba gchibne
3-PAST-be.angry 3.ANIM.SG.this big.partridge
"This big partridge was angry"

#3.19
Source: a:13.132/700
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vta, pres
Aw kwe ndazhtamaag nbabgiwyaan
Aw kwe n-doo-zhitmawaa-igw nbabgiwyaan
3.ANIM.SG.that woman 1-PRES-make.for-INV.THM my.shirt
"That woman is making me a shirt"

#3.20
Source: a:3.60/154
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vti, past
Gaasmoonijiimaan wgiiwzhitoon
Gassmoonijiimaan w-gii-wzhit-oo-n
sailboat 3-PAST-make-THM2.VTI-INAN.GL
"He made a sailboat"

#3.21 Past tense morpheme must not precede personal prefix
Source: author (cf a:12.209/590)
Vetted: s
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vta, past
Giiwdbaajmaan niw shkiniigkwen
Gii-w-dbaajma-aa-an niw shkiniigkwe-n
PAST-3-tell.about-DIR.THM-3.OBV.GL 3.ANIM.OBV.that young.woman-3.OBV
"He talked about that young woman"

#3.22 Pronoun does not agree with duck in obviation, and both arguments are proximate
Source: author (cf a:12.163/577)
Vetted: s
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vta, past
Wgiiwaabmaan niw zhiishiibag
W-gii-waabam-aa-an niw zhiishiib-ag
3-PAST-see-DIR.THM-3.OBV.GL 3.ANIM.OBV.that duck-PL
"He saw those ducks"

#3.23 Past tense morpheme must not precede personal prefix
Source: author (cf a:12.346/629)
Vetted: s
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vta, past
Giinmbwaachhig
Gii-n-mbwaachh-igw
PAST-1-visit-INV.THM
"He visited me"

#3.24a Verb must show negative inflection
Source: author (cf a:16.305/838)
Vetted: s
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vai, neg, past
Gaa wii giinaagzi
Gaawii w-gii-naagzi
not 3-PAST-be.visible
"He was not visible"

#3.24b Must have negative adverb
Source: author (cf a:16.305/838)
Vetted: s
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vai, neg, past
Giinaagzisii
W-gii-naagzi-sii
3-PAST-be.visible-NEG
"He was not visible"

#3.25 Personal prefix required
Source: author (cf a:16.56/775)
Vetted: s
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vii, fut
Wiigsinaamgad
Wii-gwinaamgad
FUT-be.cold
"It will be cold"

#3.26 vti verbs cannot take animate objects
Source: author (cf a:16.1/759)
Vetted: s
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vti, pres
Nwaabndaan binoojinh
N-waaband-am-n binoojiinh
1-see-THM1.VTI-INAN.GL child
"I see a child"

#3.28 Present tense prefix required
Source: author (cf a:16.3/760)
Vetted: s
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vai, pres
Nmmaangshkiinzhgwe
N-mmaangshkiinzhgwe
1-have.big.eyes
"I have big eyes"

#3.29 Both subject and object are proximate
Source: author (cf a:12.67/549)
Vetted: s
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vta, past
Wgiibaatiin'haawaan binoojiinyag
W-gii-baatiin'haawaan binoojiinh-ag
3-PAST-have.many child-PL
"They had many children"

#3.30 Negative suffix required
Source: author (cf a:16.315/840)
Vetted: s
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vta, past, neg
Gonda gaa wii wgiiwaabmaan
Gonda gaawii w-gii-waabam-aa-an
3.ANIM.PL.these not 3-PAST-see-DIR.THM-3.OBV.GL
"These men did not see him"

#3.31
Source: author (cf. 18.7/933)
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: vta, pres, pl
Zhiishiiban wminpawaawaan giw gaagog
Zhiishiib-an w-doo-mnopaw-aa-waa-an giw gaag-og
duck-3.OBV 3-PRES-like.the.taste.of-DIR.THM-PL.AC-3.OBV.GL 3.ANIM.PL.those porcupine-PL
"Porcupines like to eat ducks"

#3.32 Must have personal prefix
Source: author (cf a:13.1/648)
Vetted: s
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vti, past
Aankonaanyan giimiijnan
Aankonaanh-an gii-miijid-am-an
cracker-3.INAN.PL PAST-eat-THM1.VTI-3.INAN.PL.GL
"I ate crackers"

#3.33 Must have personal prefix
Source: author (cf a:18.53/952)
Vetted: s
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vii, past, asp, pl, quant
Nswi giibizhaamgadoon jiimaanan
Nswi gii-bizhaamgad-oon jiimaan-an
three PAST-come-PL boat-PL
"Three canoes came"

#3.34 Pronoun giw does not agree in obviation with kwewan
Source: author (cf a:12.352/631)
Vetted: s
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vta, past
Giw kwewan wgiignawenmigwaan giw binoojiinyag
Giw kwe-wan w-gii-gnawenim-igw-waa-an giw binoojiinh-ag
3.ANIM.PL.that woman-OBV 3-PAST-take.care.of-INV.THM-PL.AC-3.PL.GL 3.ANIM.PL.those child-PL
"The women took care of the children"

#3.35 Pronoun niw does not agree in obviation with binoojiinyag
Source: author (cf a:12.351/631)
Vetted: s
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vta, past
Giw kwewag wgiignawenmaawaan niw binoojiinyag
Giw kwe-wag w-gii-gnawenim-aa-waa-an niw binoojiinh-ag
3.ANIM.PL.those woman-PL 3-PAST-take.care.of-DIR.THM-PL.AC-3.OBV.GL 3.ANIM.OBV.that child-PL
"The women took care of the children"

#3.36 Must have negative adverb
Source: author (cf a:12.315/620)
Vetted: s
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vai, past, neg
Giinbaasii wiin
W-gii-nbaa-sii wiin
3-PAST-sleep-NEG 3.ANIM.SG
"He did not sleep"

#3.38 Must have personal prefix
Source: author (cf a:12.110/562)
Vetted: s
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vai, past, pn
Giinshkaadzi maaba gchibne
gii-nshkaadzi maaba gchibne
PAST-be.angry 3.ANIM.SG.this big.partridge
"This big partridge was angry"

#3.39  Incorrect personal prefix -- since first person is involved it should be n-
Source: author (cf a:13.132/700)
Vetted: s
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vta, pres
Aw kwe dazhtamaag nbabgiwyaan
Aw kwe w-doo-zhitmawaa-igw nbabgiwyaan
3.ANIM.SG.that woman 3-PRES-make.for-INV.THM my.shirt
"That woman is making me a shirt"

#3.40 Missing inanimate goal suffix at the end
Source: author (cf a:3.60/154)
Vetted: s
Judgment: u
Phenomena: vti, past
Gaasmoonijiimaan wgiiwzhitoon
Gassmoonijiimaan w-gii-wzhit-oo
sailboat 3-PAST-make-THM2.VTI
"He made a sailboat"

#2.27 aspect marker must be adjacent to verb
Source: author (cf a:935)
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: asp
Ntaagshkigwaaso nnahaangnikwem
W-ntaa-doo-gshkigwaaso nnahaangnikwem
3-HAB-PRES-be.good.at.sewing my.daughter.in.law
'My daughter-in-law is good at sewing'

#2.28 aspect marker must be adjacent to verb
Source: author (cf a:935)
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: asp
Ntaagshkigwaaso nnahaangnikwem
Ntaa-w-doo-gshkigwaaso nnahaangnikwem
HAB-3-PRES-be.good.at.sewing my.daughter.in.law
'My daughter-in-law is good at sewing'

#3.41
Source: a:16.130/795
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: asp
Ngiiboonizhooshkwaademin
N-gii-booni-zhooshkwaade-min
1-PAST-END-skate-1.PL
"We stopped skating"
