############################################################################
# David Bullock (bullockd@u.washington.edu).
# LING-567 "Knowledge Engineering for NLP" (Bender).
# Lab 4, due 2006-Apr-23.

Language: Mandarin Chinese
Language code: cmn
Author: David Bullock
Date: 2006-Apr-23

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# Language consultants: Yow-ren Chiang, Zhengbo Zhou, Kathy Chen.

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# Abbreviations used:
#
# 1PL = first person plural.
# 1SG = first person singular.
# 2PL = second person plural.
# 2SG = second person singular.
# 3PL = third person plural.
# 3SG = third person singular.
# CLF = classifier.
# GEN = genitive marker.
# NEG = negation marker.
# Q = question marker.
# REL = relativizer.

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# WORD ORDER: INTRANSITIVE.
#
# Word order for intransitive verbs: Subject Verb.
#
# The words 'hao3' and 'xiao3' are used as stative verbs.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Word order
zhe4 ben3 shu1 hao3
zhe4 ben3 shu1 hao3
this CLF book good
'This book is good.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*hao3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
*hao3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
good this CLF book
'This book is good.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Word order
zhe4 ben3 shu1 xiao3
zhe4 ben3 shu1 xiao3
this CLF book small
'This book is small.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*xiao3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
*xiao3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
small this CLF book
'This book is small.'

############################################################################
# WORD ORDER: TRANSITIVE.
#
# Word order for transitive verbs: Subject Verb Object.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Word order
wo3 de lao3shi1 you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
wo3 de lao3shi1 you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
1SG GEN teacher have two CLF book
'My teacher has two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Word order
liang3 ben3 shu1 you3 wo3 de lao3shi1
liang3 ben3 shu1 you3 wo3 de lao3shi1
two CLF book have 1SG GEN teacher
'Two books have my teacher.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Word order
wo3 de lao3shi1 kan4 zhe4 ge ren2
wo3 de lao3shi1 kan4 zhe4 ge ren2
1SG GEN teacher look.at this CLF person
'My teacher looks at this person.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Word order
zhe4 ge ren2 kan4 wo3 de lao3shi1
zhe4 ge ren2 kan4 wo3 de lao3shi1
this CLF person look.at 1SG GEN teacher
'This person looks at my teacher.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*wo3 de lao3shi1 liang3 ben3 shu1 you3
*wo3 de lao3shi1 liang3 ben3 shu1 you3
1SG GEN teacher two CLF book have
'My teacher has two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*liang3 ben3 shu1 wo3 de lao3shi1 you3
*liang3 ben3 shu1 wo3 de lao3shi1 you3
two CLF book 1SG GEN teacher have
'My teacher has two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*wo3 de lao3shi1 zhe4 ge ren2 kan4
*wo3 de lao3shi1 zhe4 ge ren2 kan4
1SG GEN teacher this CLF person look.at
'My teacher looks at this person.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*zhe4 ge ren2 wo3 de lao3shi1 kan4
*zhe4 ge ren2 wo3 de lao3shi1 kan4
this CLF person 1SG GEN teacher look.at
'My teacher looks at this person.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*you3 wo3 de lao3shi1 liang3 ben3 shu1
*you3 wo3 de lao3shi1 liang3 ben3 shu1
have 1SG GEN teacher two CLF book
'My teacher has two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*you3 liang3 ben3 shu1 wo3 de lao3shi1
*you3 liang3 ben3 shu1 wo3 de lao3shi1
have two CLF book 1SG GEN teacher
'My teacher has two books.'

############################################################################
# WORD ORDER: DITRANSITIVE.
#
# Word order for transitive verbs: Subject Verb IndirectObject Object.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Word order
wo3 de lao3shi1 gei3 zhe4 ge ren2 liang3 ben3 shu1
wo3 de lao3shi1 gei3 zhe4 ge ren2 liang3 ben3 shu1
1SG GEN teacher give this CLF person two CLF book
'My teacher gives this person two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*gei3 wo3 de lao3shi1 zhe4 ge ren2 liang3 ben3 shu1
*gei3 wo3 de lao3shi1 zhe4 ge ren2 liang3 ben3 shu1
give 1SG GEN teacher this CLF person two CLF book
'My teacher gives this person two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*wo3 de lao3shi1 zhe4 ge ren2 gei3 liang3 ben3 shu1
*wo3 de lao3shi1 zhe4 ge ren2 gei3 liang3 ben3 shu1
1SG GEN teacher this CLF person give two CLF book
'My teacher gives this person two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*zhe4 ge ren2 wo3 de lao3shi1 gei3 liang3 ben3 shu1
*zhe4 ge ren2 wo3 de lao3shi1 gei3 liang3 ben3 shu1
this CLF person 1SG GEN teacher give two CLF book
'My teacher gives this person two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*liang3 ben3 shu1 wo3 de lao3shi1 gei3 zhe4 ge ren2
*liang3 ben3 shu1 wo3 de lao3shi1 gei3 zhe4 ge ren2
two CLF book 1SG GEN teacher give this CLF person
'My teacher gives this person two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*wo3 de lao3shi1 zhe4 ge ren2 liang3 ben3 shu1 gei3
*wo3 de lao3shi1 zhe4 ge ren2 liang3 ben3 shu1 gei3
1SG GEN teacher this CLF person two CLF book give
'My teacher gives this person two books.'

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# WORD ORDER: ADDITIONAL NON-VETTED SENTENCES.
#
# Transitive sentences using simple noun phrases (without possessives,
# demonstratives, numerals or classifiers).

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Word order
lao3shi1 yao4 dong1xi
lao3shi1 yao4 dong1xi
teacher want thing
'Some teacher wants some thing.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Word order
dong1xi yao4 lao3shi1
dong1xi yao4 lao3shi1
thing want teacher
'Some thing wants some teacher.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*lao3shi1 dong1xi yao4
*lao3shi1 dong1xi yao4
teacher thing want
'Some teacher wants some thing.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*dong1xi lao3shi1 yao4
*dong1xi lao3shi1 yao4
thing teacher want
'Some teacher wants some thing.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*yao4 lao3shi1 dong1xi
*yao4 lao3shi1 dong1xi
want teacher thing
'Some teacher wants some thing.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*yao4 dong1xi lao3shi1
*yao4 dong1xi lao3shi1
want thing teacher
'Some teacher wants some thing.'

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# PRONOUNS: SINGULAR.
#
# Pronouns have different forms for singular and plural (unlike common
# nouns, which are underspecified for number).

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
wo3 you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
wo3 you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
1SG have two CLF book
'I have two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
ni3 you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
ni3 you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
2SG have two CLF book
'You (singular) have two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
ta1 you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
ta1 you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
3SG have two CLF book
'He/she/it has two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
wo3 de lao3shi1 gei3 wo3 liang3 ben3 shu1
wo3 de lao3shi1 gei3 wo3 liang3 ben3 shu1
1SG GEN teacher give 1SG two CLF book
'My teacher gives me two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
ni3 de lao3shi1 gei3 ni3 liang3 ben3 shu1
ni3 de lao3shi1 gei3 ni3 liang3 ben3 shu1
2SG GEN teacher give 2SG two CLF book
'Your (singular) teacher gives you (singular) two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
ta1 de lao3shi1 gei3 ta1 liang3 ben3 shu1
ta1 de lao3shi1 gei3 ta1 liang3 ben3 shu1
3SG GEN teacher give 3SG two CLF book
'His/her/its teacher gives him/her/it two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
wo3 de lao3shi1 gei3 wo3 ta1
wo3 de lao3shi1 gei3 wo3 ta1
1SG GEN teacher give 1SG 3SG
'My teacher gives me it.'

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# PRONOUNS: PLURAL.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
wo3men you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
wo3men you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
1PL have two CLF book
'We have two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
ni3men you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
ni3men you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
2PL have two CLF book
'You (plural) have two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
ta1men you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
ta1men you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
3PL have two CLF book
'They have two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
wo3men de lao3shi1 gei3 wo3men liang3 ben3 shu1
wo3men de lao3shi1 gei3 wo3men liang3 ben3 shu1
1PL GEN teacher give 1PL two CLF book
'Our teacher gives us two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
ni3men de lao3shi1 gei3 ni3men liang3 ben3 shu1
ni3men de lao3shi1 gei3 ni3men liang3 ben3 shu1
2PL GEN teacher give 2PL two CLF book
'Your (plural) teacher gives you (plural) two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
ta1men de lao3shi1 gei3 ta1men liang3 ben3 shu1
ta1men de lao3shi1 gei3 ta1men liang3 ben3 shu1
3PL GEN teacher give 3PL two CLF book
'Their teacher gives them two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
wo3 de lao3shi1 gei3 wo3 ta1men
wo3 de lao3shi1 gei3 wo3 ta1men
1SG GEN teacher give 1SG 3PL
'My teacher gives me them.'

############################################################################
# PRONOUNS: ADDITIONAL NON-VETTED SENTENCES.
#
# Sentences using pronouns, but no other noun phrases.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
wo3 kan4 ni3men
wo3 kan4 ni3men
1SG look.at 2PL
'I look at you (plural).'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
ni3 kan4 ta1men
ni3 kan4 ta1men
2SG look.at 3PL
'You (singular) look at them.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
ta1 kan4 wo3men
ta1 kan4 wo3men
3SG look.at 1PL
'He/she/it looks at us.'

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# DETERMINERS: DEMONSTRATIVES, NUMERALS AND CLASSIFIERS BEFORE THE NOUN.
#
# Word order for noun phrases: Demonstrative Numeral Classifier Noun.
#
# All parts of the noun phrase are optional, including the noun.
#
# If a classifier is used, it must be preceded by a demonstrative or a
# numeral or both.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Determiners
wo3 you3 zhe4 liang3 ben3 shu1
wo3 you3 zhe4 liang3 ben3 shu1
1SG have this two CLF book
'I have these two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Determiners
*wo3 you3 liang3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
*wo3 you3 liang3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
1SG have two this CLF book
'I have these two books.'

############################################################################
# DETERMINERS: DEMONSTRATIVES AND CLASSIFIERS BEFORE THE NOUN.
#
# If a demonstrative is used, but the noun is dropped, a classifier is
# required.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Determiners
wo3 you3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
wo3 you3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
1SG have this CLF book
'I have this book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Determiners
*wo3 you3 ben3 zhe4 shu1
*wo3 you3 ben3 zhe4 shu1
1SG have CLF this book
'I have this book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Determiners
wo3 you3 zhe4 shu1
wo3 you3 zhe4 shu1
1SG have this book
'I have this book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Determiners
*wo3 you3 shu1 zhe4
*wo3 you3 shu1 zhe4
1SG have book this
'I have this book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Determiners
*wo3 you3 ben3 shu1
*wo3 you3 ben3 shu1
1SG have CLF book
'I have some book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Determiners
wo3 you3 shu1
wo3 you3 shu1
1SG have book
'I have some book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Determiners
wo3 you3 zhe4 ben3
wo3 you3 zhe4 ben3
1SG have this CLF
'I have this (something).'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Determiners
*wo3 you3 zhe4
*wo3 you3 zhe4
1SG have this
'I have this (something).'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Determiners
*wo3 you3 ben3
*wo3 you3 ben3
1SG have CLF
'I have (something).'

############################################################################
# DETERMINERS: NUMERALS AND CLASSIFIERS BEFORE THE NOUN.
#
# If a numeral is used, it must be followed by a classifier.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Determiners
yi1 wei4 lao3shi1 kan4 wo3
yi1 wei4 lao3shi1 kan4 wo3
one CLF teacher look.at 1SG
'One teacher looks at me.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Determiners
*wei4 yi1 lao3shi1 kan4 wo3
*wei4 yi1 lao3shi1 kan4 wo3
CLF one teacher look.at 1SG
'One teacher looks at me.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Determiners
*yi1 lao3shi1 kan4 wo3
*yi1 lao3shi1 kan4 wo3
one teacher look.at 1SG
'One teacher looks at me.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Determiners
*wei4 lao3shi1 kan4 wo3
*wei4 lao3shi1 kan4 wo3
CLF teacher look.at 1SG
'Some teacher looks at me.'

############################################################################
# DETERMINERS: DEMONSTRATIVES, NUMERALS AND CLASSIFIERS BEFORE PRONOUNS.
#
# Demonstratives, numerals and classifiers are not allowed before pronouns.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Determiners
*wo3 kan4 zhe4 ge ta1
*wo3 kan4 zhe4 ge ta1
1SG look.at this CLF 3SG
'I look at this him/her/it.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Determiners
*wo3 kan4 zhe4 ta1
*wo3 kan4 zhe4 ta1
1SG look.at this 3SG
'I look at this him/her/it.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Determiners
*wo3 kan4 liang3 ge ta1men
*wo3 kan4 liang3 ge ta1men
1SG look.at two CLF 3PL
'I look at two of them.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Determiners
*wo3 kan4 liang3 ta1men
*wo3 kan4 liang3 ta1men
1SG look.at two 3PL
'I look at two of them.'

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# ARGUMENT OPTIONALITY: PRO-DROP.
#
# All noun-phrase arguments of a verb are optional.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
wo3 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
wo3 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG have that CLF book
'I have that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
you3 na4 ben3 shu1
you3 na4 ben3 shu1
have that CLF book
'(Someone) has that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
wo3 you3
wo3 you3
1SG have
'I have (something).'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
you3
you3
have
'(Someone) has (something).'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
wo3 gei3 ni3 shu1
wo3 gei3 ni3 shu1
1SG give 2SG book
'I give you some book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
wo3 gei3 ni3
wo3 gei3 ni3
1SG give 2SG
'I give you (something).'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
wo3 gei3 ta1
wo3 gei3 ta1
1SG give 3SG
'I give him/her/it (something).'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
gei3 ni3 shu1
gei3 ni3 shu1
give 2SG book
'(Someone) gives you some book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
gei3 ni3
gei3 ni3
give 2SG
'(Someone) gives you (something).'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
gei3 ta1
gei3 ta1
give 3SG
'(Someone) gives him/her/it (something).'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
gei3
gei3
give
'(Someone) gives (someone) (something).'

############################################################################
# AGREEMENT: CLASSIFIER-NOUN AGREEMENT.
#
# Different classes of nouns require different classifiers. (Some nouns can
# be used with more than one kind of classifier.)

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Agreement
wo3 kan4 na4 ben3 shu1
wo3 kan4 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG look.at that CLF book
'I look at that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Agreement
*wo3 kan4 na4 ge shu1
*wo3 kan4 na4 ge shu1
1SG look.at that CLF book
'I look at that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Agreement
wo3 kan4 na4 ge ren2
wo3 kan4 na4 ge ren2
1SG look.at that CLF person
'I look at that person.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Agreement
*wo3 kan4 na4 ben3 ren2
*wo3 kan4 na4 ben3 ren2
1SG look.at that CLF person
'I look at that person.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Agreement
wo3 kan4 na4 wei4 lao3shi1
wo3 kan4 na4 wei4 lao3shi1
1SG look.at that CLF teacher
'I look at that teacher.'

############################################################################
# CASE-MARKING ADPOSITIONS: GENITIVE.
#
# Mandarin does not have nominative and accusative cases, but does use a
# genitive marker 'de' at the end of a noun phrase to form a possessive.
#
# Within a modified noun phrase, possessives appear in the order before
# demonstratives: Possessive Demonstrative Number Classifier Noun.
#
# Within a modified noun phrase, a possessive can also appear between the
# classifier and the noun: Demonstrative Number Classifier Possessive Noun.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Case-marking adpositions
wo3 kan4 ni3 de zhe4 liang3 ben3 shu1
wo3 kan4 ni3 de zhe4 liang3 ben3 shu1
1SG look.at 2SG GEN this two CLF book
'I look at these your two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Case-marking adpositions
wo3 kan4 zhe4 liang3 ben3 ni3 de shu1
wo3 kan4 zhe4 liang3 ben3 ni3 de shu1
1SG look.at this two CLF 2SG GEN book
'I look at these your two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Case-marking adpositions
*wo3 kan4 zhe4 ni3 de liang3 ben3 shu1
*wo3 kan4 zhe4 ni3 de liang3 ben3 shu1
1SG look.at this 2SG GEN two CLF book
'I look at these your two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Case-marking adpositions
*wo3 kan4 zhe4 liang3 ni3 de ben3 shu1
*wo3 kan4 zhe4 liang3 ni3 de ben3 shu1
1SG look.at this two 2SG GEN CLF book
'I look at these your two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Case-marking adpositions
*wo3 kan4 zhe4 liang3 ben3 shu1 ni3 de
*wo3 kan4 zhe4 liang3 ben3 shu1 ni3 de
1SG look.at this two CLF book 2SG GEN
'I look at these your two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Case-marking adpositions
wo3 kan4 ni3 de lao3shi1 de zhe4 liang3 ben3 shu1
wo3 kan4 ni3 de lao3shi1 de zhe4 liang3 ben3 shu1
1SG look.at 2SG GEN teacher GEN this two CLF book
'I look at these your teacher's two books.'

############################################################################
# NEGATION.
#
# The negation marker appears before the verb.
#
# There are two negation markers: 'bu4' and 'mei2'. Each of these can only
# be used with certain classes of verbs.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Negation
wo3 bu4 yao4 na4 ben3 shu1
wo3 bu4 yao4 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG NEG want that CLF book
'I do not want that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*bu4 wo3 yao4 na4 ben3 shu1
*bu4 wo3 yao4 na4 ben3 shu1
NEG 1SG want that CLF book
'I do not want that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*wo3 yao4 bu4 na4 ben3 shu1
*wo3 yao4 bu4 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG want NEG that CLF book
'I do not want that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*wo3 yao4 na4 ben3 shu1 bu4
*wo3 yao4 na4 ben3 shu1 bu4
1SG want that CLF book NEG
'I do not want that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*wo3 mei2 yao4 na4 ben3 shu1
*wo3 mei2 yao4 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG NEG want that CLF book
'I do not want that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Negation
wo3 mei2 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
wo3 mei2 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG NEG have that CLF book
'I do not have that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*mei2 wo3 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
*mei2 wo3 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
NEG 1SG have that CLF book
'I do not have that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*wo3 you3 mei2 na4 ben3 shu1
*wo3 you3 mei2 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG have NEG that CLF book
'I do not have that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*wo3 you3 na4 ben3 shu1 mei2
*wo3 you3 na4 ben3 shu1 mei2
1SG have that CLF book NEG
'I do not have that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*wo3 bu4 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
*wo3 bu4 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG NEG have that CLF book
'I do not have that book.'

############################################################################
# NEGATION: MORE THAN ONE VERB.
#
# More than one verb in a sentence can have the negation marker.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Negation
wo3 bu4 neng2 kan4 ni3
wo3 bu4 neng2 kan4 ni3
1SG NEG can look.at 2SG
'I am unable to look at you.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Negation
wo3 neng2 bu4 kan4 ni3
wo3 neng2 bu4 kan4 ni3
1SG can NEG look.at 2SG
'I am able not to look at you.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Negation
wo3 bu4 neng2 bu4 kan4 ni3
wo3 bu4 neng2 bu4 kan4 ni3
1SG NEG can NEG look.at 2SG
'I am unable not to look at you.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Negation
wo3 bu4 yao4 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
wo3 bu4 yao4 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG NEG want have that CLF book
'I do not want to have that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Negation
wo3 yao4 mei2 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
wo3 yao4 mei2 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG want NEG have that CLF book
'I want not to have that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Negation
wo3 bu4 yao4 mei2 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
wo3 bu4 yao4 mei2 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG NEG want NEG have that CLF book
'I do not want not to have that book.'

############################################################################
# NEGATION: ADDITIONAL NON-VETTED SENTENCES.
#
# Negated sentences using simple noun phrases (without possessives,
# demonstratives, numerals or classifiers).

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Negation
wo3 bu4 yao4 shu1
wo3 bu4 yao4 shu1
1SG NEG want book
'I do not want some book.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*bu4 wo3 yao4 shu1
*bu4 wo3 yao4 shu1
NEG 1SG want book
'I do not want some book.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*wo3 yao4 bu4 shu1
*wo3 yao4 bu4 shu1
1SG want NEG book
'I do not want some book.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*wo3 yao4 shu1 bu4
*wo3 yao4 shu1 bu4
1SG want book NEG
'I do not want some book.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*wo3 mei2 yao4 shu1
*wo3 mei2 yao4 shu1
1SG NEG want book
'I do not want some book.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Negation
wo3 mei2 you3 shu1
wo3 mei2 you3 shu1
1SG NEG have book
'I do not have some book.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*mei2 wo3 you3 shu1
*mei2 wo3 you3 shu1
NEG 1SG have book
'I do not have some book.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*wo3 you3 mei2 shu1
*wo3 you3 mei2 shu1
1SG have NEG book
'I do not have some book.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*wo3 you3 shu1 mei2
*wo3 you3 shu1 mei2
1SG have book NEG
'I do not have some book.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*wo3 bu4 you3 shu1
*wo3 bu4 you3 shu1
1SG NEG have book
'I do not have some book.'

############################################################################
# MATRIX YES-NO QUESTIONS: QUESTION MARKER.
#
# A matrix yes-no question can be formed by adding the question marker 'ma'
# to the end of a declarative sentence (including a negated sentence).

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
ni3 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1 ma
ni3 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1 ma
2SG want that CLF book Q
'Do you want that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
*ma ni3 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1
*ma ni3 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1
Q 2SG want that CLF book
'Do you want that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
*ni3 ma yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1
*ni3 ma yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1
2SG Q want that CLF book
'Do you want that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
*ni3 yao4 ma zhe4 ben3 shu1
*ni3 yao4 ma zhe4 ben3 shu1
2SG want Q that CLF book
'Do you want that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
ni3 bu4 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1 ma
ni3 bu4 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1 ma
2SG NEG want that CLF book Q
'Do you not want that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
ni3 you3 zhe4 ben3 shu1 ma
ni3 you3 zhe4 ben3 shu1 ma
2SG have that CLF book Q
'Do you have that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
ni3 mei2 you3 zhe4 ben3 shu1 ma
ni3 mei2 you3 zhe4 ben3 shu1 ma
2SG NEG have that CLF book Q
'Do you not have that book?'

############################################################################
# MATRIX YES-NO QUESTIONS: VERB NEGATION-MARKER VERB.
#
# A matrix yes-no question can also be formed from a declarative sentence by
# replacing its Verb with: Verb NegationMarker Verb. (More accurately, this
# should be: FirstSyllableOfVerb NegationMarker CompleteVerb.) This will be
# treated as a morphological form of the verb that marks it as a question.
#
# Only the first verb in a clause can use the Verb-NegationMarker-Verb form.
#
# The question marker 'ma' and the Verb-NegationMarker-Verb form cannot both
# be used in the main clause.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
ni3 yao4bu4yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1
ni3 yao4bu4yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1
2SG want.Q that CLF book
'Do you want that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
*ni3 yao4bu4yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1 ma
*ni3 yao4bu4yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1 ma
2SG want.Q that CLF book Q
'Do you want that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
*ni3 bu4 yao4bu4yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1
*ni3 bu4 yao4bu4yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1
2SG NEG want.Q that CLF book
'Do you want that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
ni3 you3mei2you3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
ni3 you3mei2you3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
2SG have.Q that CLF book
'Do you have that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
*ni3 you3mei2you3 zhe4 ben3 shu1 ma
*ni3 you3mei2you3 zhe4 ben3 shu1 ma
2SG have.Q that CLF book Q
'Do you have that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
ni3 yao4bu4yao4 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
ni3 yao4bu4yao4 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
2SG want.Q have that CLF book
'Do you want to have that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
*ni3 yao4 you3mei2you3 na4 ben3 shu1
*ni3 yao4 you3mei2you3 na4 ben3 shu1
2SG want have.Q that CLF book
'You want do you have that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
*ni3 yao4bu4yao4 you3mei2you3 na4 ben3 shu1
*ni3 yao4bu4yao4 you3mei2you3 na4 ben3 shu1
2SG want.Q have.Q that CLF book
'Do you want do you have that book?'

############################################################################
# MATRIX YES-NO QUESTIONS: ADDITIONAL NON-VETTED SENTENCES.
#
# Matrix yes-no question-particle sentences using simple noun phrases
# (without possessives, demonstratives, numerals or classifiers).

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
ni3 yao4 shu1 ma
ni3 yao4 shu1 ma
2SG want book Q
'Do you want some book?'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
*ma ni3 yao4 shu1
*ma ni3 yao4 shu1
Q 2SG want book
'Do you want some book?'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
*ni3 ma yao4 shu1
*ni3 ma yao4 shu1
2SG Q want book
'Do you want some book?'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
*ni3 yao4 ma shu1
*ni3 yao4 ma shu1
2SG want Q book
'Do you want some book?'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
ni3 bu4 yao4 shu1 ma
ni3 bu4 yao4 shu1 ma
2SG NEG want book Q
'Do you not want some book?'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
ni3 you3 shu1 ma
ni3 you3 shu1 ma
2SG have book Q
'Do you have some book?'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
ni3 mei2 you3 shu1 ma
ni3 mei2 you3 shu1 ma
2SG NEG have book Q
'Do you not have some book?'

############################################################################
# IMPERATIVES.
#
# Imperatives have a second-person subject that is often dropped.
#
# When a sentence has a second-person subject or a pro-dropped subject, the
# interpretation as an imperative or declarative depends on context.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Imperatives
gei3 wo3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
gei3 wo3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
give 1SG this CLF book
'Give me this book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Imperatives
ni3 gei3 wo3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
ni3 gei3 wo3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
2SG give 1SG this CLF book
'Give me this book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Imperatives
bu4 gei3 wo3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
bu4 gei3 wo3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
NEG give 1SG this CLF book
'Do not give me this book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Imperatives
ni3 bu4 gei3 wo3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
ni3 bu4 gei3 wo3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
2SG NEG give 1SG this CLF book
'Do not give me this book.'

############################################################################
# IMPERATIVES: ADDITIONAL NON-VETTED SENTENCES.
#
# Imperatives using simple noun phrases (without possessives,
# demonstratives, numerals or classifiers).

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Imperatives
gei3 wo3 shu1
gei3 wo3 shu1
give 1SG book
'Give me some book.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Imperatives
ni3 gei3 wo3 shu1
ni3 gei3 wo3 shu1
2SG give 1SG book
'Give me some book.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Imperatives
bu4 gei3 wo3 shu1
bu4 gei3 wo3 shu1
NEG give 1SG book
'Do not give me some book.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Imperatives
ni3 bu4 gei3 wo3 shu1
ni3 bu4 gei3 wo3 shu1
2SG NEG give 1SG book
'Do not give me some book.'

############################################################################
# EMBEDDED DECLARATIVES.
#
# Some verbs take an embedded declarative sentence as a complement.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Embedded declaratives
ni3 zhi1dao4 ni3 de lao3shi1 kan4 ni3
ni3 zhi1dao4 ni3 de lao3shi1 kan4 ni3
2SG know 2SG GEN teacher look.at 2SG
'You know that your teacher looks at you.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Embedded declaratives
ni3 yao4 ni3 de lao3shi1 kan4 ni3
ni3 yao4 ni3 de lao3shi1 kan4 ni3
2SG want 2SG GEN teacher look.at 2SG
'You want your teacher to look at you.'

############################################################################
# EMBEDDED QUESTIONS.
#
# Some verbs can take a Verb-NegationMarker-Verb question as a complement.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Embedded questions
ni3 zhi1dao4 ni3 de lao3shi1 kan4bu4kan4 ni3
ni3 zhi1dao4 ni3 de lao3shi1 kan4bu4kan4 ni3
2SG know 2SG GEN teacher look.at.Q 2SG
'You know whether your teacher looks at you.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Embedded questions
*ni3 yao4 ni3 de lao3shi1 kan4bu4kan4 ni3
*ni3 yao4 ni3 de lao3shi1 kan4bu4kan4 ni3
2SG want 2SG GEN teacher look.at.Q 2SG
'You want whether your teacher looks at you.'

############################################################################
# MODALS.
#
# Modals are expressed as subject-raising auxiliary verbs.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Modals
wo3 neng2 kan4 ni3 de lao3shi1
wo3 neng2 kan4 ni3 de lao3shi1
1SG can look.at 2SG GEN teacher
'I can look at your teacher.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Modals
wo3 bu4 neng2 kan4 ni3 de lao3shi1
wo3 bu4 neng2 kan4 ni3 de lao3shi1
1SG NEG can look.at 2SG GEN teacher
'I am unable to look at your teacher.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Modals
wo3 neng2 bu4 kan4 ni3 de lao3shi1
wo3 neng2 bu4 kan4 ni3 de lao3shi1
1SG can NEG look.at 2SG GEN teacher
'I am able not to look at your teacher.'

############################################################################
# COORDINATION.
#
# To coordinate a series of noun phrases, the conjunction 'hai2you3' can
# appear between the last two noun phrases in the series.
#
# A series of clauses can be coordinated by stringing them together.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Coordination
wo3 de lao3shi1 hai2you3 wo3 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1
wo3 de lao3shi1 hai2you3 wo3 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1
1SG GEN teacher and 1SG want this CLF book
'My teacher and I want this book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Coordination
wo3 de lao3shi1 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1 wo3 yao4 na4 ben3 shu1
wo3 de lao3shi1 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1 wo3 yao4 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG GEN teacher want this CLF book 1SG want that CLF book
'My teacher wants this book, and I want that book.'

############################################################################
# COORDINATION: ADDITIONAL NON-VETTED SENTENCES.
#
# Coordination in sentences using simple noun phrases (without possessives,
# demonstratives, numerals or classifiers).

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Coordination
wo3 kan4 lao3shi1 shu1 hai2you3 ni3
wo3 kan4 lao3shi1 shu1 hai2you3 ni3
1SG look.at teacher book and 2SG
'I look at some teacher, some book and you.'

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Coordination
wo3 kan4 lao3shi1 ni3 kan4 shu1
wo3 kan4 lao3shi1 ni3 kan4 shu1
1SG look.at teacher 2SG look.at book
'I look at some teacher, and you look at some book.'

############################################################################
# ADJECTIVES.
#
# An adjective can appear within a noun phrase between the classifier and
# the noun: Demonstrative Number Classifier Adjective Noun.
#
# Optionally, an adjective followed by 'de' can appear in the same position
# in the noun phrase: Demonstrative Number Classifier Adjective 'de' Noun.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Adjectives
wo3 yao4 na4 ben3 xiao3 de shu1
wo3 yao4 na4 ben3 xiao3 de shu1
1SG want that CLF small REL book
'I want that small book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Adjectives
wo3 yao4 na4 ben3 xiao3 shu1
wo3 yao4 na4 ben3 xiao3 shu1
1SG want that CLF small book
'I want that small book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Adjectives
*wo3 yao4 na4 ben3 shu1 xiao3 de
*wo3 yao4 na4 ben3 shu1 xiao3 de
1SG want that CLF book small REL
'I want that small book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Adjectives
*wo3 yao4 na4 ben3 shu1 xiao3
*wo3 yao4 na4 ben3 shu1 xiao3
1SG want that CLF book small
'I want that small book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Adjectives
*wo3 yao4 xiao3 de na4 ben3 shu1
*wo3 yao4 xiao3 de na4 ben3 shu1
1SG want small REL that CLF book
'I want that small book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Adjectives
*wo3 yao4 xiao3 na4 ben3 shu1
*wo3 yao4 xiao3 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG want small that CLF book
'I want that small book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Adjectives
wo3 kan4 na4 wei4 hao3 de lao3shi1
wo3 kan4 na4 wei4 hao3 de lao3shi1
1SG look.at that CLF good REL teacher
'I look at that good teacher.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Adjectives
wo3 kan4 na4 wei4 hao3 lao3shi1
wo3 kan4 na4 wei4 hao3 lao3shi1
1SG look.at that CLF good teacher
'I look at that good teacher.'

############################################################################
# RELATIVE CLAUSES.
#
# A relative clause followed by 'de' can appear to the left of a noun
# phrase: RelativeClause 'de' Demonstrative Number Classifier Noun.
#
# A relative clause followed by 'de' can also appear between the classifier
# and the noun: Demonstrative Number Classifier RelativeClause 'de' Noun.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Relative clauses
wo3 kan4 ni3 yao4 de na4 liang3 ben3 shu1
wo3 kan4 ni3 yao4 de na4 liang3 ben3 shu1
1SG look.at 2SG want REL that two CLF book
'I look at those two books that you want.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Relative clauses
wo3 kan4 na4 liang3 ben3 ni3 yao4 de shu1
wo3 kan4 na4 liang3 ben3 ni3 yao4 de shu1
1SG look.at that two CLF 2SG want REL book
'I look at those two books that you want.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Relative clauses
*wo3 kan4 na4 ni3 yao4 de liang3 ben3 shu1
*wo3 kan4 na4 ni3 yao4 de liang3 ben3 shu1
1SG look.at that 2SG want REL two CLF book
'I look at those two books that you want.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Relative clauses
*wo3 kan4 na4 liang3 ni3 yao4 de ben3 shu1
*wo3 kan4 na4 liang3 ni3 yao4 de ben3 shu1
1SG look.at that two 2SG want REL CLF book
'I look at those two books that you want.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Relative clauses
*wo3 kan4 na4 liang3 ben3 shu1 ni3 yao4 de
*wo3 kan4 na4 liang3 ben3 shu1 ni3 yao4 de
1SG look.at that two CLF book 2SG want REL
'I look at those two books that you want.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Relative clauses
wo3 kan4 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1 de na4 wei4 lao3shi1
wo3 kan4 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1 de na4 wei4 lao3shi1
1SG look.at want this CLF book REL that CLF teacher
'I look at that teacher who wants this book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Relative clauses
wo3 kan4 na4 wei4 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1 de lao3shi1
wo3 kan4 na4 wei4 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1 de lao3shi1
1SG look.at that CLF want this CLF book REL teacher
'I look at that teacher who wants this book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Relative clauses
wo3 kan4 na4 liang3 ben3 wo3 gei3 ni3 de shu1
wo3 kan4 na4 liang3 ben3 wo3 gei3 ni3 de shu1
1SG look.at that two CLF 1SG give 2SG REL book
'I look at those two books that I give you.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Relative clauses
wo3 kan4 na4 wei4 wo3 gei3 ta1men de lao3shi1
wo3 kan4 na4 wei4 wo3 gei3 ta1men de lao3shi1
1SG look.at that CLF 1SG give 3PL REL teacher
'I look at that teacher who I give them to.'

############################################################################
