Language: <Malayalam>
Language code: <mal>
Author: <Wendy Bannister>
Date: January, 2007
Source a: <Malayalam by R.E. Asher and T. C. Kumari>
Source b: <Parametric Studies in Malayalam Syntax by K. A. Jayaseelan>
Source c: <http://web.nitc.ac.in/~cse/CI_Lab/Malayalam_Parser.pdf>
Source d: <http://tdil.mit.gov.in/news.htm: April 2002>


<Case>

* noun-nom intrans-verb
Source: {a:107}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {case}
അവന്‍ഉനനൌന്നു
avan unanaunnu
avan unanaunnu
he eat-PRES   
he is having his meal
  
* *noun-acc intrans-verb
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {case}
avane unanaunnu
avan-e unanaunnu
he-ACC eat-PRES   
he is having his meal
  
* *noun-dat intrans-verb
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {case}
avannə unanaunnu
avan-nə unanaunnu
he-DAT eat-PRES   
he is having his meal
  

* noun-nom noun-acc trans-verb 
Source: {a:193}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {case}
kutatai ammaye     vilaiccu
kutatai amma-ye    vilaicc-u
child   mother-ACC call-PAST
the child called the mother

* *noun-acc noun-acc trans-verb
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {case}
kutataiye ammaye     vilaiccu
kutatai-ye amma-ye    vilaicc-u
child-ACC   mother-ACC call-PAST
the child called the mother

* *noun-dat noun-acc trans-verb 
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {case}
kutataikkə ammaye     vilaiccu
kutatai-kkə amma-ye    vilaicc-u
child-DAT   mother-ACC call-PAST
the child called the mother

* *noun-nom noun-nom trans-verb 
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {case}
kutatai amma     vilaiccu
kutatai amma    vilaicc-u
child-NOM   mother-NOM call-PAST
the child called the mother

* *noun-nom noun-dat trans-verb 
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {case}
kutatai ammakkə     vilaiccu
kutatai amma-kkə    vilaicc-u
child-NOM   mother-DAT call-PAST
the child called the mother

* noun-dat noun-nom noun-nom ditrans-verb
Source: {a:193}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {case}
kutataikkə amma     paal kotautatau
kutatai-kkə amma     paal kotautatau
child-DAT  mother   milk gave-PAST
the mother gave the child milk

* *noun-nom noun-nom noun-nom ditrans-verb
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {case}
kutatai amma     paal kotautatau
kutatai amma     paal kotautatau
child  mother   milk gave-PAST
the mother gave the child milk

* *noun-acc noun-nom noun-nom ditrans-verb
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {case}
kutataiye amma     paal kotautatau
kutatai-ye amma     paal kotautatau
child-ACC  mother   milk gave-PAST
the mother gave the child milk

* *noun-acc noun-acc noun-nom ditrans-verb
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {case}
kutatai amma     paal kotautatau
kutatai-ye amma-ye     paal kotautatau
child-ACC  mother-ACC   milk gave-PAST
the mother gave the child milk

* *noun-dat noun-dat noun-nom ditrans-verb
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {case}
kutataikkə ammakkə     paal kotautatau
kutatai-kkə amma-kkə     paal kotautatau
child-DAT  mother-DAT   milk gave-PAST
the mother gave the child milk

* *noun-dat noun-dat noun-dat ditrans-verb
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {case}
kutataikkə ammakkə     paalkkə kotautatau
kutatai-kkə amma-kkə     paal-kkə kotautatau
child-DAT  mother-DAT   milk-DAT gave-PAST
the mother gave the child milk

* *noun-acc noun-acc noun-acc ditrans-verb
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {case}
kutataiye ammaye     paalye kotautatau
kutatai-ye amma-ye     paal-ye kotautatau
child-ACC  mother-ACC   milk-ACC gave-PAST
the mother gave the child milk

* *noun-acc noun-acc noun-dat ditrans-verb
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {case}
kutataiye ammaye     paal-kkə kotautatau
kutatai-ye amma-ye     paal-kkə kotautatau
child-ACC  mother-ACC   milk-ACC gave-PAST
the mother gave the child milk



<Negation>

Source: {a:151}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {negation}
raaman daooktaar alla
raaman daooktaar alla
Raman doctor be-PRES-NEG
Raman is not a doctor

# it is not appropriate to use the other 'be' verb, so this ungrammatical case has the wrong negation.
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {negation}
raaman daooktaar illa
raaman daooktaar illa
Raman doctor be-PRES-NEG
Raman is not a doctor

# it wouldn't be appropriate to append -alla to the verb 'be'.
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {negation}
raaman daooktaar aanailla
raaman daooktaar aana-illa
Raman doctor be-PRES-NEG
Raman is not a doctor

Source: {a:151}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {negation}
kutatai viitatail illa
kutatai viitata-il illa
child house-LOC be-PRES-NEG
the child is not at home

# it is not appropriate to use the other 'be' verb, so this ungrammatical case has the wrong negation.
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {negation}
kutatai viitatail alla
kutatai viitata-il alla
child house-LOC be-PRES-NEG
the child is not at home

# it wouldn't be appropriate to append -illa to the verb 'be'.
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {negation}
kutatai viitatail unataalla
kutatai viitata-il unata-alla
child house-LOC be-PRES-NEG
the child is not at home

<Negation>

Source: {a:8}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions}
avan vannoo
avan vann-oo
he come-PAST-IP
Did he come?

# It is ungrammatical to use the -ee suffix, since the verb hasn't been negated.
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions}
avan vannee
avan vann-ee
he come-PAST-IP
Did he come?

# It is ungrammatical to attach the suffix to the noun in a  sentence where the verb is present.
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions}
avanoo vannu
avan-oo vannu
he-IP come-PAST
Did he come?

Source: {A:8}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions}
avar vannillee
avar vannill-ee
they come-PAST-NEG-IP
Didn't they come?

# It is ungrammatical to use the -oo suffix, since the verb has been negated with a -illa suffix.
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions}
avar vannilloo
avar vannill-oo
they come-PAST-NEG-IP
Didn't they come?

# It is ungrammatical to attach the suffix to the noun in a  sentence where the verb is present.
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions}
avaree vannilla
avar-ee vannilla
they-IP come-PAST-NEG
Didn't they come?

Source: {A:133}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {Coordination}
raaghavanum kumaarum vannu
raaghavan-um kumaar-um vannu
Raghavan-COORD Kumar-COORD come-PAST
Raghavan and Kumar came

# It's ungrammatical to mark only one of the NPs with the coordinating suffix
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Coordination}
raaghavan kumaarum vannu
raaghavan kumaar-um vannu
Raghavan Kumar-COORD come-PAST
Raghavan and Kumar came

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Coordination}
raaghavanum kumaar vannu
raaghavan-um kumaar vannu
Raghavan-COORD Kumar come-PAST
Raghavan and Kumar came

# It's ungrammatical to put the suffix on the verb
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Coordination}
raaghavan kumaar vannum
raaghavan kumaar vann-um
Raghavan Kumar come-PAST-COORD
Raghavan and Kumar came


Source: {A:134}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {Coordination}
raaman kr^shanaaneyum goovindan maadhavaneyum kanatau
raaman kr^shanaane-yum goovindan maadhavane-yum kanatau
Raman Krishnan-ACC-COORD Govindan Madhavan-ACC-COORD see-PAST
Raman saw Krishnan and Govidan saw Madhavan.

# It's ungrammatical to mark only one of the NPs with the coordinating suffix
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Coordination}
raaman kr^shanaane goovindan maadhavaneyum kanatau
raaman kr^shanaane goovindan maadhavane-yum kanatau
Raman Krishnan-ACC Govindan Madhavan-ACC-COORD see-PAST
Raman saw Krishnan and Govidan saw Madhavan.

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Coordination}
raaman kr^shanaaneyum goovindan maadhavane kanatau
raaman kr^shanaane-yum goovindan maadhavane kanatau
Raman Krishnan-ACC-COORD Govindan Madhavan-ACC see-PAST
Raman saw Krishnan and Govidan saw Madhavan.

# It's ungrammatical to put the suffix on the Subject
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Coordination}
raamanum kr^shanaane goovindanum maadhavane kanatau
raaman-um kr^shanaane goovindan-um maadhavane kanatau
Raman-COORD Krishnan-ACC Govindan-COORD Madhavan-ACC see-PAST
Raman saw Krishnan and Govidan saw Madhavan.

# It's ungrammatical to put the suffix on the verb
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Coordination}
raaman kr^shanaane goovindan maadhavane kanatauyum
raaman kr^shanaane goovindan maadhavane kanatau-yum
Raman Krishnan-ACC Govindan Madhavan-ACC see-PAST-COORD
Raman saw Krishnan and Govidan saw Madhavan.


<Embedded>

Source: {a:48}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {Embedded questions}
kumaar naalae varumoo ennə kutatai coodiccu
kumaar naalae varumoo ennə kutatai coodiccu
Kumar tomorrow come-FUT QP child ask-PAST
the child asked whether Kumar would come tomorrow.

# it would be ungrammatical to leave out the QP.
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Embedded questions}
kumaar naalae varumoo kutatai coodiccu
kumaar naalae varumoo kutatai coodiccu
Kumar tomorrow come-FUT child ask-PAST
the child asked whether Kumar would come tomorrow.

# it might be ungrammatical to have the QP precede the verb, or follow the other verb.
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Embedded questions}
kumaar naalae varumoo kutatai coodiccu ennə 
kumaar naalae varumoo kutatai coodiccu ennə 
Kumar tomorrow come-FUT child ask-PAST QP 
the child asked whether Kumar would come tomorrow.

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Embedded questions}
kumaar naalae ennə varumoo kutatai coodiccu
kumaar naalae ennə varumoo kutatai coodiccu
Kumar tomorrow QP come-FUT child ask-PAST
the child asked whether Kumar would come tomorrow.


<Modals>

Source: {a:308}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {Modals}
enikkə kuraccə duuram veegam nataakkaam
enikkə kuraccə duuram veegam nataakk-aam
I-DAT a_little distance fast walk-can
I can walk fast for a short distance

# ungrammatical to use a non-dative subject
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Modals}
njaaan kuraccə duuram veegam nataakkaam
njaaan kuraccə duuram veegam nataakk-aam
I-NOM a_little distance fast walk-can
I can walk fast for a short distance

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Modals}
enne kuraccə duuram veegam nataakkaam
enne kuraccə duuram veegam nataakk-aam
I-ACC a_little distance fast walk-can
I can walk fast for a short distance

