Language: Eastern Yiddish/Standard Yiddish
Language code: ydd
Lines: translit translit-seg gloss translat
Author: Harmanas Chopra, Ned Letcher
Date: April 9, 2013
Source a: Jacobs, Neil G. (2005). Yiddish: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
Source b: ODIN
Source c: Yiddish Corpus, www.corpustechnologies.com:8080/YNC/search
Source d: Jerrold M. Sadock and Arnold M. Zwicky (1985). Speech act distinctions in syntax: www.stanford.edu/~zwicky/speech-act-distinctions.pdf 

# ## Template for test suite items
# # Ex number and optional comment
# Source: {a:page, b:page, author, elicited, attested}
# Vetted: {t, f, s}
# Judgment: {g, u}
# Phenomena: {word order, case, agreement, ...}
# <Example in transliteration>
# <Example with morpheme boundaries noted and morpheme forms regularized>
# <Morpheme-by-morpheme glosses>
# <Free translation>


######################################
# WORD ORDER
######################################

# Simple intransitive sentence. 
Source: author based on a:246.
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {word order}
Dos kind zingt.
Dos kind zing-t.
DEF.NOM.N child sing-1SG.
The child sings.

# VS word order indication interrogative 
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {word order, Matrix yes-no questions}
Zingt dos kind?
Zing-t dos kind?
sing-1SG DEF.NOM.N child?
The child sings?

# Simple transitive sentence.
Source: a:223-224
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {word order}
Der man leyent dos bukh.
Der man leyen-t dos bukh.
DEF.NOM.M man read-1SG DEF.ACC.N book.
The man reads the book.

# VSO word order indication interrogative 
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {word order, Matrix yes-no questions}
Leyent dos bukh der man?
Leyen-t dos bukh der man?
read-1SG DEF.ACC.N book DEF.NOM.M man?
The man reads the book?

# Incorrect verb placement in transitive sentence.
Source: author based on a:224
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {word order}
Dos bukh der man leyent.
Dos bukh der man leyen-t.
DEF.ACC.N book DEF.NOM.M man read-1SG.
The man reads the book.

# Topicalization of direct object in transitive sentence.
Source: a:224
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {word order}
Dos bukh leyent der man.
Dos bukh leyen-t der man.
DEF.ACC.N book read-1SG DEF.NOM.M man.
It's the book that the man is reading. 

# Unmarked ditransitive sentence.
Source: a:248
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {determiner,word order,agreemet}
Di mame git dem kind dos bukh.
Di mame git dem kind dos bukh.
DEF.NOM.F mother give;1SG DEF.DAT.N child DEF.ACC.N book.
The mother gives the child the book.

# Incorrect verb placement in ditransitive sentence.
Source: author based on a:248
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {word order}
Git di mame dem kind dos bukh.
Git di mame dem kind dos bukh.
give:1SG DEF.NOM.F mother DEF.DAT.N child DEF.ACC.N book.
The mother gives the child the book.

# Incorrect verb placement in ditransitive sentence.
Source: author based on a:248
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {word order}
Di mame dem kind git dos bukh.
Di mame dem kind git dos bukh.
DEF.NOM.F mother DEF.DAT.N child give;1SG DEF.ACC.N book.
The mother gives the child the book.

# Incorrect verb placement in ditransitive sentence.
Source: author based on a:248
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {word order}
Di mame dem kind dos bukh git.
Di mame dem kind dos bukh git.
DEF.NOM.F mother DEF.DAT.N child DEF.ACC.N book give;1SG.
The mother gives the child the book.

# Simple intransitive sentence
Source: a:246
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {word order}
Du zingst.
Du zing-st.
2SG.NOM sing-2SG.
You sing.

# Position of aux verb in intransitive sentence.  
Source: a:246
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {word order}
Du kenst zingen.
Du ken-st zing-en.
2SG.NOM can-2SG sing-INF.
You can sing.

# Position of two stacked aux verbs in intransitive sentence.  
Source: a:246
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {word order}
Du vilst kenen zingen.
Du vil-st ken-en zing-en.
2SG.NOM want-2SG can-INF sing-INF.
You want to be able to sing.

# Incorrect position of aux verb in intransitive sentence.  
Source: a:246
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {word order}
Du zingen kenst.
Du zing-en ken-st.
2SG.NOM sing-INF can-2SG.
You can sing.

######################################
# CASE & Some Word Order
# (from topicalisations of ditransitives)
######################################

# Case agreement on pronoun.
Source: a:246
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {case,agreement}
Du zingst.
Du zing-st.
2SG.NOM sing-2SG.
You sing.

# Case agreement on pronoun.
Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {case,agreement}
Mir leyenen es.
Mir leyen-en es.
1PL.NOM read-1PL 3SG.ACC.N.
We read it.

# Case agreement on determiners.
Source: author based on a:224
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {determiner,case,agreement}
Der lerer shraybt di zatsn.
Der lerer shrayb-t di zats-n.
DEF.NOM.M teacher write-1SG  DEF.PL.ACC.F sentence-PL.
The teacher writes the sentences.

# Accusative case agreement on proper name rivke.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {case,agreement}
Dos kind zet rivken.
Dos kind ze-t rivke-n.
DEF.NOM.N child ze-3SG Rivke-ACC. 
The child sees Rivke.

# Dative Case agreement on mentsh
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {case,agreement}
Der mentsh git dem mentshn dem epl.
Der mentsh git dem mentsh-n dem epl.
DEF.NOM.M person give;1SG DEF.DAT.M person-DAT DEF.ACC.M apple.
The person gives the person the apple.

# Dative Case agreement on mame
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {determiner,case,agreement}
Di mame git der mamen dem epl.
Di mame git der mame-n dem epl.
DEF.NOM.F mother give;1SG DEF.DAT.F mother-DAT DEF.ACC.M apple.
The mother gives the mother the apple.

# Incorrect use of dative case on mame
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {determiner,case,agreement}
Dos kind zet di mamen.
Dos kind ze-t di mame-n.
DEF.NOM.N child ze-3SG DEF.DAT.F mame-DAT.
The child sees the mother.

# Dative Case agreement on tate
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {determiner,case,agreement}
Di mame git dem taten dem epl.
Di mame git dem tate-n dem epl.
DEF.NOM.F mother give;1SG DEF.DAT.M father-DAT DEF.ACC.M apple.
The mother gives the father the apple.

# Incorrect use of dative case on tate
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {determiner,case,agreement}
Dos kind zet di taten.
Dos kind ze-t di tate-n.
DEF.NOM.N child ze-3SG DEF.DAT.F tate-DAT.
The child sees the father.

# Incorrect ordering of ACC and DAT NPs in unmarked ditransitive clause.
Source: author based on a:248
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {word order, case,agreement}
Di mame git dos bukh dem kind.
Di mame git dos bukh dem kind.
DEF.NOM.F mother give;1SG DEF.ACC.N book DEF.DAT.N child.
The mother gives the child the book.

# Topicalization of indirect object in ditransitive sentence.
Source: author based on a:248
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {word order, case,agreement}
Dem kind git di mame dos bukh.
Dem kind git di mame dos bukh.
DEF.DAT.N child give;1SG DEF.NOM.F mother DEF.ACC.N book.
It's the child the mother gives the book to.

# not sure about the ordering of last two arguments!!
# Topicalization of direct object, in ditransitive sentence.
Source: author based on a:248
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {word order, case,agreement}
Dos bukh git di mame dem kind.
Dos bukh git di mame dem kind.
DEF.ACC.N book give;1SG DEF.NOM.F mother DEF.DAT.N child.
It's the books the mother gives the child.


######################################
## Personal Pronouns
####################################

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Ikh ze.
Ikh ze.
1SG.NOM see;3SG.
I see.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Mir ze.
Mir ze-n.
1PL.NOM see-1PL.
We see.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Du zest.
Du ze-st.
2SG.NOM see-2SG.
You see.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Er zet.
Er ze-t.
3SG.NOM.M see-3SG.
He sees.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Zi zet.
Zi ze-t.
3SG.NOM.F see-3SG.
She sees.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Es zet.
Es ze-t.
3SG.NOM.N see-3SG.
It sees.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Es zet.
Es ze-t.
3SG.NOM.N see-3SG.
It sees.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Ir zet.
Ir ze-t.
2PL.NOM see-2PL.
You see.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Zey zen.
Zey ze-n.
3PL.ACC see-3PL.
They see.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Zi ruft mikh.
Zi ruf-t mikh.
3SG.NOM.F call-3SG 1SG.ACC.
She calls me.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Zi ruft dikh.
Zi ruf-t dikh.
3SG.NOM.F call-3SG 2SG.ACC.
She calls you.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Zi ruft im.
Zi ruf-t im.
3SG.NOM.F call-3SG 3SG.ACC.
She calls him.

######################################
# The Rest of the NP
######################################

# Optional determiner before Adjective.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Der gute Daytshland iz groys.
Der gut-e Daytshland iz groys.
3SG.NOM.M good-NOM.M Germany be;3SG large.
The good Germany is large.

# Impossible Determiner
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Daytshland iz groys.
Daytshland iz groys.
Germany be;3SG large.
Germany is large.

######################################
# Agreement
######################################

######################################
# Subject Verb Agreement
######################################

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Ikh red.
Ikh red.
1SG.NOM talk;1SG.
I talk

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}	
Zey redn.
Zey red-n.
3PL.NOM red-3PL.
They talk.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Du redst.
Du red-st.
2SG.NOM red-2SG.
You talk.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Er redt.
Er red-t.
3SG.NOM.M red-3SG.
He talks.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Er redt.
Er red-t.
3SG.NOM.M red-3SG.
He talks.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Mir reden.
Mir red-en.
1PL.NOM.M red-1PL.
We talk.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Mir reden.
Mir red-en.
1PL.NOM.M red-1PL.
We talk.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
Ir redt.
Ir red-t.
2PL.NOM.M red-2PL.
You all talk.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {agreement}
Ikh redn.
Ikh red-n.
1SG.NOM talk-1PL.
I talk.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {agreement}
Ir redn.
Ir red-n.
2PL.NOM talk-1PL
I talk.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {agreement}
Er redn.
Er red-n.
3SG.NOM.M red-3PL.
He talks.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {agreement}
Mir red-st.
Mir red-st.
1PL.NOM red-2SG.
We talk.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {agreement}
Mir redt.
Mir red-t.
1PL.NOM talk-1PL.
We talk.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {agreement}
Zey red.
Zey red.
3PL.NOM talk;1SG.
They talk.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {agreement}
Es redn.
Zey redn.
3PL.NOM talk;3SG.
They talk.

######################################
# Definite Article
######################################

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement,determiners}
Der man zingt.
Der man zing-t.
DEF.3SG.M.NOM man sing-3SG.
The man sings.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement,determiners}
Di froy zingt.
Di froy zing-t.
DEF.3SG.NOM.F woman sing-3SG.
The woman sings.


Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement,determiners}
Dos kind zingt.
Dos kind zing-t.
DEF.3PL.NOM.N child sing-3SG.
The child sings.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement,determiners}
Di mener zingen.
Di man-er zing-en.
DEF.NOM.PL man-3PL sing-3PL.
The men sing.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement,determiners}
Di mener zingen.
Di man-er zing-en.
DEF.NOM.PL man-3PL sing-3PL.
The men sing.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement,determiners}
Di mener zen dem man.
Di man-er ze-n dem man.
DEF.NOM.3PL man-3PL see-3PL DEF.ACC.3P man.
The men see the man.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {agreement,determiners}
Di man zingt.
Di man zing-t.
DEF.3SG.NOM.F man sing-3SG.
The man sings.


Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {agreement,determiners,definiteness}
Di froy zingst.
Di froy zing-st.
DEF.3PL.NOM.F woman sing-3SG.
The woman sings.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {agreement,determiners}
Dem froy zingst.
Dem froy zing-st.
DEF.3P.ACC woman sing-2SG.
The woman sings.


Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {agreement,determiners}
Dos man zingt.
Dos man zing-t.
DEF.3PL.NOM.N man sing-3PL.
The man sings.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {agreement,determiners}
Der kind zingt.
Der kind zing-t.
DEF.3SG.NOM child sing-3SG.
The child sings.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {agreement,determiners}
Mener di zingen.
Man-er di zing-en.
Men-PL DEF.3PL.NOM sing-3PL.
The men sing.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {agreement,determiners}
Mener zingen.
Man-er zing-en.
Men-PL sing-3PL.
Men sing.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {agreement,determiners}
Dos maner zingen.
Dos man-er zing-en.
DEF.NEUT.NOM.SG man-PL sing-3PL.
The men sing.

######################################
# Indefinite Article
######################################

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
A man zingt.
A man zing-t.
INDF.SG man sing-1SG.
A man sings.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {agreement}
Man a zingt.
Man a zing-t.
Man INDF.SG sing-3SG.
A man sings.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
A froy zingt.
A froy zing-t.
INDF.SG woman;3SG.F sing-3SG.
A woman sings.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement}
A kind zingt.
A kind zing-t.
INDF.SG child sing-3SG.
A child sings.

######################################
# ADJECTIVES
#######################################

######################################
# Position of Adjective
######################################

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {adjectives}
Dos voyle kind zingt.
Dos voyl-e kind zing-t.
DEF.NOM.N nice-NOM.SG.N child sing-3SG.
The nice child sings.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {adjectives}
Dos kind voyle zingt.
Dos kind voyl-e zing-t.
DEF.NOM.N child nice-NOM.SG.N sing-3SG.
The nice child sings.

# The adjective is almost an adverb here, but shouldn't be inflected. 
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {adjectives}
Dos kind zingt voyle.
Dos kind zing-t voyl-e.
DEF.NOM.N nice good-NOM.SG.N sing-3SG.
The child sings nice.

######################################
# Nominative Agreement
######################################

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {adjectives, agreement}
Der guter man zingt.
Der gut-er man zing-t.
DEF.SG.NOM.M good-NOM.SG.M man sing;1SG.
The good man sings.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {adjectives, agreement}
Di gute froy zingst.
Di gut-e froy zing-st.
DEF.SG.NOM.F good-NOM.SG.F woman sing-2P.
The good woman sings.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {adjectives, agreement}
Dos gute kind zingt.
Dos gut-e kind zing-t.
DEF.PL.NOM.N good-NOM.SG.N child sing-3SG.
The good child sings.

######################################
# Accuative Adjective Agreement
######################################

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {adjectives, agreement}
Ikh ze dos gutn man.
Ikh ze dos gut-n man.
1SG.NOM ze;1SG DEF.ACC.M good-ACC.SG.M man.
I see the good man.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {adjectives, agreement}
Ikh ze di gute froy.
Ikh ze di gute-e froy.
1SG.NOM see;1SG 3SG.ACC.F good-ACC.SG.F woman.
I see the good woman.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {adjectives, agreement}
Ikh ze dos gute kind.
Ikh ze dos gut-e kind.
1SG.NOM see;1SG 3SG.ACC.F good-ACC.SG.N kind.
I see the good child.

######################################
# Dative Adjective Agreement
######################################

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {determiner, word order, agreement}
Di mame git dem gutn man dos bukh.
Di mame git dem gut-n man dos bukh.
DEF.NOM.F mother give;1SG DEF.DAT.M good-DAT.SG.M man DEF.ACC.N book.
The mother gives the good child the book.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {determiner, word order, agreement}
Di mame git der guter froy dos bukh.
Di mame git der gut-er kind dos bukh.
DEF.NOM.F mother give;1SG DEF.DAT.F good-DAT.SG.F child DEF.ACC.N book.
The mother gives the good child the book.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {determiner, word order,agreement}
Di mame git dem gutn kind dos bukh.
Di mame git dem gut-n kind dos bukh.
DEF.NOM.F mother give;1SG DEF.DAT.N good-DAT.SG.N child DEF.ACC.N book.
The mother gives the good child the book.

######################################
# Plural Adjective Agreement
######################################

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {adjectives, agreement}
Di gute kinder zing.
Di gut-e kind-er zing.
DEF.PL.NOM.M good-NOM.PL child-NOM.PL sing;1SG.
The good children sing.

######################################
# Ungramamtical Adjective Agreement
######################################

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {adjectives, agreement}
Der gutn man zing.
Der gut-n man zing.
DEF.SG.NOM.M good-NOM/DAT.SG.M man sing;1SG.
The good man sings.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {adjectives, agreement}
Ikh ze di guter froy.
Ikh ze di gute-er froy.
1SG.NOM see;1SG 3SG.DAT.F good-ACC.SG.F woman.
I see the good woman.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {determiner, word order,agreement}
Di mame git dem gute kind dos bukh.
Di mame git dem gut-e kind dos bukh.
DEF.NOM.F mother give;1SG DEF.DAT.N good-NOM/ACC.SG.N child DEF.ACC.N book.
The mother gives the good child the book.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {adjectives, agreement}
Di gutn kinder zing.
Di gut-n kind-er zing.
DEF.PL.NOM.M good-NOM.SG.N child-PL sing;1SG.
The good children sing.

######################################
# NEGATION
######################################

# Unmarked sentential negation on intrans verb 
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {negation}
Der man zingt nit.
Der man zing-t nit.
DEF.NOM.M man sing-1SG NEG.
The man isn't singing.

# Unmarked sentential negation on transitive verb 
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {negation}
Der man leyent nit dos bukh.
Der man leyen-t nit dos bukh.
DEF.NOM.M man read-1SG NEG DEF.ACC.N book.
The man isn't reading the book.

# nisht is a dialectical variant of nit
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {negation}
Der man leyent nisht dos bukh.
Der man leyen-t nisht dos bukh.
DEF.NOM.M man read-1SG NEG DEF.ACC.N book.
The man isn't reading the book.

# alternative focus of sentential negation 
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {negation}
Nit der man leyent dos bukh.
Nit der man leyen-t dos bukh.
NEG DEF.NOM.M man read-1SG DEF.ACC.N book.
The man isn't reading the book.
# (=Someone else is reading the book.) 

# alternative focus of sentential negation
Source: author based on a:253
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {negation}
Nit haynt der man leyent dos bukh.
Nit haynt der man leyen-t dos bukh.
NEG today DEF.NOM.M man read-1SG DEF.ACC.N book.
The man isn't reading the book today.
# (=The man is reading the book another day.) 

# placement of nit with auxiliaries 
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {negation}
Der man vet nit geleyent dos bukh.
Der man vet nit ge-leyen-t dos bukh.
DEF.NOM.M man will;1SG NEG PP-read-INF DEF.ACC.N book.
The man will not read the book.

# Ungrammatical location of nit
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {negation}
Der man nit leyent dos bukh.
Der man nit leyen-t dos bukh.
DEF.NOM.M man NEG read-1SG DEF.ACC.N book.
The man isn't reading the book.

# Ungrammatical location of nit
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {negation}
Der man leyent dos bukh nit.
Der man leyen-t dos bukh nit.
DEF.NOM.M man read-1SG DEF.ACC.N book NEG.
The man isn't reading the book.

######################################
# TENSE
######################################

# @title: Past Tense 
# @desc: Past tense for base verb, prefixed verb, verb-particle verb, & periphrastic verb.

# @n: 1
# @desc: A base verb.
# @pres-tense: Ikh shrayb.
Source: {a:217}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh hob geshribn.
Ikh hob ge-shrayb-n.
1SG.NOM have;1SG PP-write-PP.
I have written.

# @n: 2
# @desc: A base verb.
# @pres-tense: Ikh blayb.
Source: {a:217}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh bin geblibn.
Ikh bin ge-blayb-n.
1SG.NOM be;1SG PP-remain-PP.
I remained.

# Wrong auxiliary used
Source: author based on {a:217}
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh bin geshribn.
Ikh bin ge-shrayb-n.
1SG.NOM have;1SG PP-write-PP.
I have written.

# Wrong auxiliary used
Source: author based on {a:217}
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh hob geblibn.
Ikh hob ge-blayb-n.
1SG.NOM be;1SG PP-remain-PP.
I remained.

# Wrong form of the auxiliary
Source: author based on {a:217}
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {agreement}
Ikh hot geshribn.
Ikh hot ge-shrayb-n.
1SG.NOM have;3SG PP-write-PP.
I have written.

# Wrong form of the auxiliary
Source: author based on {a:217}
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {agreement}
Ikh iz geblibn.
Ikh iz ge-blayb-n.
1SG.NOM be;3SG PP-remain-PP.
I remained.

# periphrastic hobn verb in present tense
Source: {a:217}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh hob lib.
Ikh hob lib.
1SG.NOM have;1SG like;1SG.
I liked.

# @n: 6
# @desc: A 'hobn' periphrastic verb in the past tense.
# @pres-tense: Ikh hob lib.
Source: {a:217}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh hob lib gehat.
Ikh hob lib gehat.
1SG.NOM have;1SG like;1SG have;PP.
I liked.

# @n: 3
# @desc:  A prefixed verb in the past tense.
# @pres-tense: Ikh bashrayb.
Source: {a:217}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh hob bashribn.
Ikh hob ba-shrayb-n.
1SG.NOM have;1SG PRF-write-INF.
I covered with writing.

Source: a:217
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh shrayb on.
Ikh shrayb on.
1SG.NOM write;1SG upon.
I write to completion.

# @n: 4
# @desc: A verb-particle verb in the past tense.
# @pres-tense: Ikh shrayb on.
Source: {a:217}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh hob ongeshribn.
Ikh hob on-ge-shrayb-n.
1SG.NOM have;1SG.PST PRF-PP-write-PP.
I completed writing.

# @n: 4
# @desc: Incorrect because verb-particle has to become a prefix in the past tense.
# @pres-tense: Ikh shrayb on.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh hob on geshribn.
Ikh hob on ge-shrayb-n.
1SG.NOM have;1SG upon PP-write-PP.
I completed writing.

# @n: 5
# @desc: A 'zayn' periphrastic verb which takes hobn in past tense.
# @pres-tense: Ikh bin boydek.
Source: {a:217}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh hob boydek geven.
Ikh hob boydek geven.
1SG.NOM have;1SG check PP.PRF.
I checked.

# @n: 5
# @desc: Incorrect because because most 'zayn' verbs take 'hobn' in the past tense.
# @pres-tense: Ikh bin bojdek.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh bin boydek geven.
Ikh bin boydek geven.
1SG.NOM be;1SG check;1SG PP.PRF.
I checked.

# @n: 7
# @desc: A 'zayn' verb becoming transitive takes 'hobn'.
# @pres-tense: Ikh farslofn di leckje.
Source: {a:218}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh hob farshlofn di lektsye.
Ikh hob farshlof-n di lektsye.
1SG.NOM have;1SG oversleep-INF the lecture.
I overslept the lecture.

# @n: 8
# @desc: A 'zayn' verb becoming transitive that doesn't take 'hobn'.
Source: {a:218}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Er iz bagangen aleynmord.
Er iz ba-gang-en aleynmord.
3SG.M.NOM be;3SG TR-go-INF suicide.
He committed suicide.

# {- @NOTE: No way to break 'zayn' transitivity I think. -}

# @n: 9
# @desc: A complex VP contains only one finite verb.
Source: {a:218}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Er vilst esn.
Er vil-st es-n.
3SG.M.NOM want-3SG eat-INF.
He wants to eat.

# @n: 11
# @desc: Incorrect because a complex VP cannot have more than one finite verb.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
Er vilst est.
Er vil-st es-t.
3SG.M.NOM want-3SG eat-3SG. 
He wants to eat.


######################################
# Future Tense
######################################

# @n: 12
# @desc: The future tense is formed by `AUX` + infinitive.
# @pres-tense: Ikh shraybn.
Source: {a:218}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh vel shraybn.
Ikh vel shrayb-n.
1SG.NOM shall;1SG write-INF.
I shall write.

# Wrong conjugation of auxiliary
Source: author based on {a:218}
Vetted: t
Judgement: u
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh velst shraybn.
Ikh vel-st shrayb-n.
1SG.NOM shall- write-INF.
I shall write.

# @n: 12
# @desc: The future tense is formed by `AUX` + infinitive.
# @pres-tense: Er ken redn yidish.
Source: {a:218}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Er vet kenen redn yidish.
Er vel-t ken-en red-n yidish.
3SG.M.HOM will-3SG can-INF speak-INF Yiddish.
He will be able to speak Yiddish.

# @n: 12
# @desc: verb particle and INV occur before the infinitive.
# @pres-tense: Er iz boydek.
Source: {a:218}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Er vet boydek zayn.
Er vel-t boydek zayn.
3SG.M.NOM will-3SG boydek be;INF.
He will check.


######################################
# ASPECT 
#######################################3

######################################
# Inchoative Aspect
######################################

# @desc: The inchoative aspect can be formed by: (conj/ 'nemen') + verb infinitive.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Er nemt arbetn.
Er nem-t arbet-n.
3SG.M.NOM begin-3SG work-INF.
He begins working.

# @desc: Is incorrect because arbetn has been conjugated and nemen hasn't been.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh nemen arbet.
Ikh nem-en arbet.
1SG.NOM begin-INF work;1SG.
I begin working.

# @desc: The inchoative aspect can be formed by: (conj/ 'nemen') + zikh + verb infinitive.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Er nemt zikh arbetn.
Er nem-t zikh arbet-n.
3SG.NOM.M begin-3SG REF work-INF.
He begins working.

# @desc: The inchoative aspect can be formed by: (conj/ 'nemen') + zikh + verb infinitive.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Zey nemyn zikh loyfn.
Zey nem-en zikh loyf-n.
3PL begin-3PL REF run-INF.
They start running.	

######################################
# Perfective Aspect
######################################

# @desc: The 'far-' perfective marker.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh ze er farendik zayn oysforshung.
Ikh ze er far-endik zay-n oysforshung.
1SG.NOM see;1SG 3SG.ACC.M PFV.INF-complete;1SG be-INF research. 
I see him complete his research.

# @desc: The 'der-' perfective marker.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Der dales dergeyt di yorn.
Der dales der-gey-t di yorn.
NOM.M.SG poverty PFV-go-3SG the year.
The poverty arrived this year.

# @desc: The 'oys' perfective marker.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Zi shrayt oys.
Zi shray-t oys.
F.3SG.NOM shout-3SG out.
She shouted.

# @desc: The 'op-' perfective marker.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh opes di blintses.
Ikh op-es di blintse-s.
1SG.NOM PFV-eat the crepe-PL.
I eat up the crepes.

# @desc: The 'iber' perfective marker.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Zi leyent iber di caytung.
Zi leyen-t iber di caytung.
3SG.F.NOM read-3SG over DEF.ACC.F newspaper.
She completely reads the newspaper.

# @desc: The 'on-' perfective marker.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Zi vilt onshraybn an artikl.
Zi vil-t on-shrayb-n an artikl.
3SG.NOM.F vil-1SG PFV-shrayb-PP INDF article. 
She wants to write an article.

# {- @NOTE: Perfective markers can't be tested beyond a lexical level. -}

# -]

######################################
# Iterative Aspect
######################################

# @desc: The regular iterative aspect formed by haltn + in + infinitive.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh halt in shraybn.
Ikh halt in shrayb-n.
1SG.NOM keep;1SG in write-INF.
I keep writing.

# @desc: The regular iterative aspect formed by haltn + in + infinitive.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Zi halt in lernen zikh rusish.
Zi halt in lern-en zikh rusish.
3SG.F.NOM keep;3SG in learn-INF REFL Russian.
She's in the process of learning Russian.

# @desc: Incorrect because lernen has been conjugated.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
Zi halt in lernt zikh rusish.
Zi halt in lern-t zikh rusish.
3SG.F.NOM keep;3SG in learn-3SG REFL Russian.
She's in the process of learning Russian.

# @desc: The intense iterative aspect formed by haltn + in + infinitive.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Zi halt in eyn lernen zikh rusish.
Zi halt in eyn lern-en zikh rusish.
3SG.F.NOM halt in only learn-INF REFL Russian.
She's is taken up in (exclusively) learning Russian.

######################################
# Habitual Aspect
######################################

# @desc: Habitual past action formed by (conj/ flegn) + infinitive.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh fleg leyenen polishe caytungen.
Ikh fleg leyen-en polishe caytung-en.
1SG.NOM used_to;1SG read-INF polishe caytung-PL.
I use to read Polish newspapers.

# @desc: Incorrect because felgn hasn't been conjugated.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh flegn leyenen polishe caytungen.
Ikh fleg-n leyen-en polishe caytung-en.
1SG.NOM used_to-INF read-INF Polish newspaper-PL.
I used to read Polish newspapers.

# @desc: Habitual action formed by (conj/ ton) + infinitive.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Er tut shraybn.
Er tu-t shrayb-n.
3SG.NOM.M do-3SG write-INF.
He regularly writes.

# @desc: Incorrect because ton hasn't been conjugated.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
Er ton shraybn.
Er ton shrayb-n.
3SG.NOM.M do;INF write-INF.
He regularly writes.

######################################
# Singulative Aspect
######################################

# @desc: Singulative aspect formed by (conj/ ton) + infinitive.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Er tut a kuk.
Er tu-t a kuk.
3SG.NOM.M do-3SG a glance.
He gives a glance.

# geb-to_give is irregular: gib gist git gibn gib
# @desc: Singulative aspect formed by (conj/ gebn) + infinitive.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh geb a lakh.
Ikh geb a lakh.
1SG.NOM give;1SG a laugh.
I suddenly laughed.

# @desc: Incorrect because determiner is in the wrong position.
Source: author based on {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh a geb lakh.
Ikh a geb lakh.
1SG.NOM a give;1SG laugh.
I suddenly laughed.

######################################
# Demonstratives
######################################

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {agreement.demonstratives}
Yener man zingt.
Yener man zing-t.
DEM.3SG.M.NOM man sing-3SG.
That man sings.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {agreement.demonstratives}
Yene froy zingt.
Yene froy zing-t.
DEM.3SG.NOM.F woman sing-3SG.
That woman sings.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {agreement,demonstratives}
Yents kind zingt.
Yents kind zing-t.
DEM.3PL.N.NOM child sing-3SG.
That child sings.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {agreement,demonstratives}
Yene mener zingen.
Yene man-er zing-en.
DEM.NOM.M.3PL man-3PL sing-3PL.
Those men sing.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {agreement,determiners}
Di mener zen yenem man.
Di man-er ze-n yenem man.
DEF.NOM.3PL man-3PL see-3PL DEM.ACC.3P man.
The men see that man.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {determiner,case,agreement}
Di mame git dem taten yenem epl.
Di mame git dem tate-n yenem epl.
DEF.NOM.F mother give;1SG DEF.DAT.M father-DAT DEM.ACC.M apple.
The mother gives the father that apple.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {determiner,case,agreement}
yener kind zet dem taten.
yener kind ze-t dem tate-n.
DEF.NOM.M child ze-3SG DEM.DAT.F tate-DAT.
That child sees that father.

Source: a:248
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {determiner,word order,agreemet}
Di mame git yenem kind yents bukh.
Di mame git yenem kind yents bukh.
DEF.NOM.F mother give;1SG DEM.DAT.N child DEM.ACC.N book.
The mother gives that child that book.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {determiner,case,agreement}
Di mame git yener mamen yenem epl.
Di mame git yener mame-n yenem epl.
DEF.NOM.F mother give;1SG DEM.DAT.F mother-DAT DEM.ACC.M apple.
The mother gives that mother that apple.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {determiner,case,agreement}
yene kind zet yener mamen.
yene kind ze-t yener mame-n.
DEM.NOM.F child ze-3SG DEM.DAT.F mame-DAT.
That child sees that mother.

# Case agreement on determiners.
Source: author based on a:224
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {determiner,case,agreement}
Yener lerer shraybt yene zatsn.
Yener lerer shrayb-t yene zats-n.
DEM.NOM.M teacher write-1SG  DEM.PL.ACC.F sentence-PL.
That teacher writes those sentences.


# @desc: Incorrect because wrong gender demonstratives 
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgement: u
Phenomena: {agreement,demonstratives}
Yene man zingt.
Yene man zing-t.
DEM.3SG.NOM.F man sing-3SG.
That man sings.

# @desc: Incorrect conjugation of `zingn`.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgement: u
Phenomena: {agreement,demonstratives}
Yene froy zingst.
Yene froy zing-st.
DEM.3PL.NOM.F woman sing-2SG.
That woman sings.

# @desc: Incorrect demonstrative used. 
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgement: u
Phenomena: {agreement,demonstratives}
Yenem froy zingt.
Yenem froy zing-t.
DEM.N.DAT.3PL woman sing-3SG.
That woman sings.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgement: u
Phenomena: {agreement,demonstratives}
Yents man zingt.
Yents man zing-t.
DEM.3PL.NOM.N man sing-3PL.
That man sings.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgement: u
Phenomena: {agreement,demonstratives}
Yener kind zingt.
Yener kind zing-t.
DEM.3SG.F.DAT.NOM child sing-3SG.
That child sings.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgement: u
Phenomena: {agreement,demonstratives}
Yents maner zingen.
Yents man-er zing-en.
DEM.NEUT.NOM.3SG man-PL sing-3PL.
Those men sing.

######################################
# ARGUMENT OPTIONALITY
######################################

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {argument optionality}
Ikh es dem epl.
Ikh es dem epl.
1SG.NOM es;1SG DEF.ACC.M apple.
I eat the apple.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {argument optionality}
Ikh es.
Ikh es.
1SG.NOM es;1SG.
I eat.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {argument optionality}
Ikh trog dem epl.
Ikh trog dem epl.
1SG.NOM trog;1SG DEF.ACC.M apple.
I carry the apple.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {argument optionality}
Ikh trog.
Ikh trog.
1SG.NOM carry;1SG.
I carry.

######################################
# MATRIX YES-NO QUESTIONS
######################################

Source: a:229
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions, word order}
Farshteyt er shpanis?
Farshtey-t er shpanis?
understand-2SG 2SG.NOM Spanish?
Does he understand Spanish?

Source: a:228
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions, word order}
Zaynen zey meshuge?
Zaynen zey meshug-e?
be;3PL 3PL.NOM crazy-NOM.N?
Are they crazy?

Source: d:181
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions, word order}
Moyshe hot gekoft a hunt?
Moyshe hot ge-kof-t a hunt?
Moses have;3G PP-buy-PP IND.SG dog?  
Moses has bought a dog?

Source: d:181
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions, word order}
Tsi hot Moyshe gekoft a hunt?
Tsi hot Moyshe ge-kof-t a hunt?
Whether have;3G Moses PP-buy-PP IND.SG dog?  
Moses has bought a dog?

Source: a:229
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions, word order}
Tsi farshteyt er shpanis?
Tsi farshtey-t er shpanis?
whether understand-2SG 2SG.NOM Spanish?
Does he understand Spanish?

# incorrect position of tsi
Source: author based on a:229
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions, word order}
Farshteyt tsi er shpanis?
Farshtey-t tsi er shpanis?
understand-2SG whether 2SG.NOM Spanish?
Does he understand Spanish?

# incorrect position of tsi
Source: author based on a:229
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions, word order}
Farshteyt er tsi shpanis?
Farshtey-t er tsi shpanis?
understand-2SG 2SG.NOM whether Spanish?
Does he understand Spanish?

# incorrect position of tsi
Source: author based on a:229
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions, word order}
Farshteyt er shpanis tsi?
Farshtey-t er shpanis tsi?
understand-2SG 2SG.NOM Spanish whether?
Does he understand Spanish?

# topicalization of subject from yes-no interrogative word order.
# Not included as this is indistinguishable from declarative.
#Source: a:229
#Vetted: t
#Judgment: g
#Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions, word order}
#Er farshteyt shpanis?
#Er farshtey-t shpanis?
#2SG.NOM understand-2SG Spanish?
#Does he understand Spanish?

# topicalization of object from yes-no interrogative word order
# Not included as this is indistinguishable from declarative.
#Source: author based on a:229
#Vetted: f
#Judgment: g
#Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions, word order}
#Shpanis farshteyt er?
#Shpanis farshtey-t er?
#Spanish understand-2SG 2SG.NOM?
#Does he understand Spanish?

# tsi is not permitted in topicalized interrogative
Source: author based on a:229
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions, word order}
Tsi er farshteyt shpanis?
Tsi er farshtey-t shpanis?
Whether 2SG.NOM understand-2SG Spanish?
Does he understand Spanish?

# tsi is not permitted in topicalized interrogative
Source: author based on a:229
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions, word order}
Tsi Shpanis farshteyt er?
Tsi Shpanis farshtey-t er?
Whether Spanish understand-2SG 2SG.NOM?
Does he understand Spanish?


#TODO check for grammaticality of these next two:

# yes-no questions with negation
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions, negation}
Zingt nit der man?
Zing-t nit der man?
sing-1SG NEG DEF.NOM.M man.
Isn't the man singing?

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {Matrix yes-no questions, negation}
Tsi zingt nit der man?
Tsi zing-t nit der man?
whether sing-1SG NEG DEF.NOM.M man.
Isn't the man singing?

######################################
# ADVERBS
######################################

Source: a:193
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {adverb}
Dos kind zingt shayn.
Dos kind zing-t shayn.
DEF.ACC.N child sing-1SG nicely.
The child sings nicely.

Source: author based on a:193
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {adverb}
Shayn dos kind zingt.
Shayn dos kind zing-t.
nicely DEF.ACC.N child sing-1SG.
Nicely, the child sings.

# adverb in wrong location
Source: author based on a:223-224
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {adverb, word order}
Der man shayn leyent dos bukh.
Der man shayn leyen-t dos bukh.
DEF.NOM.M man nicely read-1SG DEF.ACC.N book.
The man reads the book nicely.

# adverb in wrong location
Source: a:223-224
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {adverb, word order}
Der man leyent shayn dos bukh.
Der man leyen-t shayn dos bukh.
DEF.NOM.M man read-1SG nicely DEF.ACC.N book.
The man reads the book nicely.

Source: a:223-224
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {adverb, word order}
Shayn der man leyent dos bukh.
Shayn der man leyen-t dos bukh.
nicely DEF.NOM.M man read-1SG DEF.ACC.N book.
The man reads the book nicely.

######################################
# COORDINATION
######################################

#@desc: Single conjunctive "un" coordinates two conjuncts.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {coordination}
Ikh ze dos bukh un dos esn.
Ikh ze dos bukh un dos esn.
1SG.NOM see;1SG 3SG.ACC.N book and 3SG.ACC.N food.
I see the book and the food.	

#@desc: Double conjunctive "i...i" correlates two conjuncts.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {coordination}
Ikh ze i dos bukh i dos esn.
Ikh ze i dos bukh i dos esn.
1SG.NOM see;1SG both 3SG.ACC.N book and 3SG.ACC.N food.
I see the book and the food.

#@desc: Double conjunctive "say...say" correlates two conjuncts.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {coordination}
Ikh ze say yenem man say yents bukh.
Ikh ze say yenem man say yents bukh.
1SG.NOM see;1SG both DEM.ACC.3P.M man and DEM.ACC.N book.
I see both that man and that book.

#@desc: Double conjunctive "hen...hen" correlates two conjuncts.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {coordination}
Ikh ze hen dos bukh hen dos esn.
Ikh ze hen dos bukh hen dos esn.
1SG.NOM see;1SG both 3SG.ACC.N book and 3SG.ACC.N food.
I see both the book and the food.

#@desc: Incorrect; double conjunctives requires an markers before each cojunct, not after.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {coordination}
Ikh ze dos bukh i dos esn i.
Ikh ze dos bukh i dos esn i.
1SG.NOM see;1SG 3SG.ACC.N book both 3SG.ACC.N food and.
I see both the book and the food.

#@desc: Incorrect; double conjunctives requires marking both cojuncts, not just the last.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {coordination}
Ikh ze dos bukh i dos esn.
Ikh ze dos bukh i dos esn.
1SG.NOM see;1SG 3SG.ACC.N book and 3SG.ACC.N food.
I see both the book and the food.

#@desc: Incorrect; double conjunctives requires marking both cojuncts, not just the first.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {coordination}
Ikh ze i dos bukh dos esn.
Ikh ze i dos bukh dos esn.
1SG.NOM see;1SG both 3SG.ACC.N book 3SG.ACC.N food.
I see both the book and the food.

#@desc: Incorrect, because constituents cannot be coordianted via juxtaposition in Yiddish.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {coordination}
Ikh ze dos bukh dos esn.
Ikh ze dos bukh dos esn.
1SG.NOM see;1SG 3SG.ACC.N book 3SG.ACC.N food.
I see the book and the food.

######################################
# NON-VERBAL PREDICATES
######################################

#@desc: The copular verb 'iz' connects a subject to an adjectival predicate.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cop}
Der man iz gut.
Der man iz gut.
DEF.SG.NOM.M man COP good.
The man is good.

#@desc: The copular verb 'iz' connects a subject to an NP predicate.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cop}
Der man iz a held.
Der man iz a held.
DEF.SG.NOM.M man COP INDF hero.
The man is a hero.

#@desc: The copular verb 'iz' connects a subject to an prepositional phrase predicate.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cop}
Der man iz unter dos hoyz.
Der man iz unter dos hoyz.
DEF.SG.NOM.M man COP under DEF.SG.ACC.N house.
The man is under the house.

#@desc: Incorrect; adjectives used predicatively remain uninflected.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cop}
Der man iz guter.
Der man iz guter.
DEF.SG.NOM.M man COP good.
The man is good.

#@desc: Incorrect; a copula is required to connect a subject to an adjectival predicate.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cop}
Der man gut.
Der man gut.
DEF.SG.NOM.M man good.
The man is good.

#@desc: Incorrect; a copula is required to connect a subject to a noun phrase predicate.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cop}
Der man a held.
Der man a held.
DEF.SG.NOM.M man INDF hero.
The man is INDF.ART hero.

#@desc: Incorrect; a copula is required to connect a subject to a preopositional phrase predicate.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cop}
Der man unter dos hoyz.
Der man unter dos hoyz.
DEF.SG.NOM.M man under DEF.SG.NOM.N house.
The man is under the house.

######################################
# INFORMATION STRUCTURE
######################################

#@desc: Yiddish default unmarked focus/topic word order.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {info}
Dem froy leyent dos bukh.
Dem froy leyen-t dos bukh.
DEF.NOM.F froy read-1SG DEF.ACC.N book.
The man reads the book.

#@desc: Intranstive verb OVS verb order.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {info}
Dos bukh leyent dem froy.
Dos bukh leyen-t dem floy.
DEF.ACC.N book read-1SG DEF.NOM.F women.
It's the book that the women is reading.

#@desc: Non-counting constituent precedes the topicalized constituent (subject).
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {info}
Neyn, ikh trink nit dem vayn.
Neyn, ikh trink nit dem vayn.
NEG, 1SG.NOM drink;1SG NEG DEF.ACC.M wine. 
No, I didn't drink that wine.

#@desc: Non-counting constituents precedes the topicalized constituent (direct object).
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {info}
Neyn, dem vayn trink ikh nit.
Neyn, dem vayn trink ikh nit.
PART.NEG DEF.DAT.M wine drink;1SG 1SG.NOM NEG.
That wine isn't drunk by me.

#@desc: definite article used to specify an object in a VP with head-final order.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {info}
Der man hot dos bukh nekhtn geleyent.
Der man hot dos bukh nekhtn ge-leyen-t.
DEF.NOM.M man have;3SG DEF.ACC.N book yesterday PST.PTCP-read-PST.PTCP.
The man has the book yesterday read.

#@desc: head-final order providing contrastive emphasis (indefinite article specifying object).
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {info}
Der man hot nekhtn a bukh geleyent.
Der man hot nekhtn a bukh ge-leyen-t.
DEF.NOM.M man have;3SG yesterday INDF book PST.PTCP-read-PST.PTCP.
The man read a book yesterday.

#@desc: head-final order providing contrastive emphasis (definite article specifying object).
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {info}
Der man hot nekhtn dos bukh geleyent.
Der man hot nekhtn dos bukh ge-leyen-t.
DEF.NOM.M man have;3SG yesterday DEF.ACC.N book PST.PTCP-read-PST.PTCP.
The man read the book yesterday.


######################################
# EMBEDDED CLAUSES
######################################

Source: a:233
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {embedded declarative}
Zi meynt, az ikh bin meshuge.
Zi meyn-t, az ikh bin meshuge.
3SG.NOM.F think-3SG, COMP 1SG.NOM be;1SG crazy. 
She thinks that I have gone crazy.

Source: a:233
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {embedded declarative}
Zi meynt, ikh bin meshuge.
Zi meyn-t, ikh bin meshuge.
3SG.NOM.F think-3SG, 1SG.NOM be;1SG crazy. 
She thinks I have gone crazy.

Source: a:232
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {embedded declarative}
Ikh veys, az moyshe kumt morgn.
Ikh veys, az moyshe kum-t morgn.
1SG.NOM know;3G, COMP Moyshe come-3G tomorrow.
I know that Moyshe is coming tomorrow.
 
Source: a:232
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {embedded declarative}
Ikh veys, az morgn moyshe kumt.
Ikh veys, az morgn moyshe kum-t.
1SG.NOM know;3G COMP tomorrow Moyshe come-3G.
I know that it's tomorrow Moyshe is coming.

Source: a:232
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {embedded declarative}
Ikh veys, az es moyshe kumt morgn.
Ikh veys, az es moyshe kum-t morgn.
1SG.NOM know;3G COMP 1SG.NOM Moyshe come-3G tomorrow.
I know that it's Moyshe that's coming tomorrow.

Source: author based on examples in c
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {embedded interrogative}
Ikh freg, tsi iz es efsher
Ikh freg, tsi iz es efsher
1SG.NOM ask;3SG, whether;COMP be;3SG 3SG.NOM.N possible.
I ask whether it is possible?

Source: author based on examples in c
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {embedded interrogative}
Ikh freg, tsi es iz efsher
Ikh freg, tsi es iz efsher
1SG.NOM ask;3SG, whether;COMP 3SG.NOM.N be;3SG possible.
I ask, whether it is possible

Source: author based on examples in c
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {embedded interrogative}
Ikh freg, az iz es efsher
Ikh freg, az iz es efsher
1SG.NOM ask;3SG, that;COMP be;3SG 3SG.NOM.N possible.
I ask whether it is possible.

Source: a:233
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {embedded interrogative}
Ikh veys nit vemen du host gezen.
Ikh veys nit vemen du host ge-ze-n.
1SG.NOM know;3G NEG WHO;DAT 2SG.NOM have;2SG PP-see-PP. 
I know not whom you have seen.

Source: a:233
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {embedded interrogative}
Ikh veys nit vos du host gezen.
Ikh veys nit vos du host ge-ze-n.
1SG.NOM know;3G NEG what 2SG.NOM have;2SG PP-see-PP. 
I know not what you have seen.

Source: author based on a:233
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {embedded interrogative}
Ikh veys nit az vemen du host gezen.
Ikh veys nit az vemen du host ge-ze-n.
1SG.NOM know;3G NEG that WHO;DAT 2SG.NOM have;2SG PP-see-PP. 
I know not whom you have seen.

Source: author based on a:233
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {embedded interrogative}
Ikh veys nit az vos du host gezen.
Ikh veys nit az vos du host ge-ze-n.
1SG.NOM know;3G NEG that what 2SG.NOM have;2SG PP-see-PP. 
I know not what you have seen.

