Language: <Malayalam>
Language code: <mal>
Author: <Wendy Bannister>
Date: January, 2007
Source a: <Malayalam by R.E. Asher and T. C. Kumari>
Source b: <Parametric Studies in Malayalam Syntax by K. A. Jayaseelan>
Source c: <http://web.nitc.ac.in/~cse/CI_Lab/Malayalam_Parser.pdf>
Source d: <http://tdil.mit.gov.in/news.htm: April 2002>


# <Basic Word Order>

Source: a:193
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: word order
kutatai ammaye     vilaiccu
kutatai amma-ye    vilaicc-u
child   mother-ACC call-PAST
the child called the mother

Source: a:193
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: word order
kutataiye amma     vilaiccu
kutatai-ye amma     vilaicc-u
child-ACC  mother   call-PAST
the mother called the child

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: word order
* vilaiccu   kutatai ammaye     
  vilaicc-u   kutatai amma-ye     
  call-PAST   child   mother-ACC 
  called the child the mother

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: word order
* vilaiccu   kutataiye  amma      
  vilaicc-u   kutatai-ye  amma      
  call-PAST  child-ACC  mother   
  called the mother the child

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: word order
* kutatai vilaiccu  ammaye     
  kutatai vilaicc-u  amma-ye     
  child   call-PAST mother-ACC 
   the child called the mother

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: word order
* kutataiye vilaiccu   amma      
  kutatai-ye vilaicc-u   amma      
  call-PAST child-ACC  mother   
  called the mother the child


Source: a:107
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: word order
avan coora unanaunnu
avan coora unanaunnu
he   rice   eat-PRES
he is eating rive

#	+++ I don't know the morphology of this verb
	
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: word order
* unanaunnu avan coora
  unanaunnu avan coora
  eat-PRES  he   rice   
  is eating he rice
  
Source: a:107
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: word order
Hanifa enikk ii pustakam tannu
Hanifa enikk ii pustakam tannu
Hanifa I-DAT this book gave-PAST
Hanifa gave me this book

#	+++ Don't know the morphology of this verb
	
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: word order
* tannu Hanifa enikk ii pustakam
  tannu Hanifa enikk ii pustakam
  gave-PAST Hanifa I-DAT this book 
  gave Hanifa me this book

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: word order
* Hanifa tannu     enikk ii   pustakam
* Hanifa tannu     enikk ii   pustakam
  Hanifa gave-PAST I-DAT  this book 
  Hanifa gave me this book

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: word order
* Hanifa enikk tannu     ii   pustakam
  Hanifa enikk tannu     ii   pustakam
  Hanifa I-DAT  gave-PAST this book 
  Hanifa me gave this book

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: word order
* Hanifa enikk ii   tannu      pustakam
  Hanifa enikk ii   tannu      pustakam
  Hanifa I-DAT  this gave-PAST  book 
  Hanifa me this gave book



# <Pronouns>

Source: a:199
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
njaaan paampine  bhayappetaunnu
njaaan paamp()-ine  bhayappetau(ka)-nnu
I      snake-ACC fear-PRES
I am afraid of snakes

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pronouns
* enne  paampine  bhayappetaunnu
  enne  paamp()-ine  bhayappetau(ka)-nnu
  I-ACC snake-ACC fear-PRES
  I am afraid of snakes

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pronouns
* enikk  paampine  bhayappetaunnu
  enikk  paamp()-ine  bhayappetau(ka)-nnu
  I-DAT   snake-ACC fear-PRES
  I am afraid of snakes

Source: a:200
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
nii ini pookaam
nii ini pookaam
you now go-FUT-MOD
you may go now

#	+++ not sure of the morphology of the verb
	
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pronouns
* ninne   ini pookaam
  ni(i)-nne   ini pookaam
  you-ACC now go-FUT-MOD
  you may go now

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pronouns
* ninakk ini pookaam
  ni(i)-nakk ini pookaam
  you-DAT now go-FUT-MOD
  you may go now

Source: a:97
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
avan oru taiiccar aana
avan oru taiiccar aana
he   a   teacher  be-PRES
he is a teacher
	
#	+++ aakuka is the infinitive form of be.  I'm not sure how to format the morphology changes.

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
avala oru taiiccar aana
avala oru taiiccar aana
she   a   teacher  be-PRES
she is a teacher

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pronouns
* avane  oru taiiccar aana
  avan-e  oru taiiccar aana
  he-ACC a   teacher  be-PRES
  he is a teacher

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pronouns
* avann oru taiiccar aana
  avan-n oru taiiccar aana
  he-DAT a   teacher  be-PRES
  he is a teacher

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pronouns
* avalae  oru taiiccar aana
  avala-e  oru taiiccar aana
  she-ACC a   teacher  be-PRES
  she is a teacher

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pronouns
* avalakk oru taiiccar aana
  avala-kk oru taiiccar aana
na
  she-DAT  a   teacher  be-PRES
  she is a teacher


# < The Rest of the Noun Phrase>

Source: a:125
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: determiners
oru raajaav untaayirunnu
oru raajaav untaayirunnu
a    king        be-PAST
there was a king

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: determiners
* raajaav oru untaayirunnu
  raajaav oru untaayirunnu
  king  a   be-PAST
  there was a king

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: determiners
* raajaav untaayirunnu oru 
  raajaav untaayirunnu oru 
  king     be-PAST      a
  there was a king

Source: a:254
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: determiners
njaaan oru pustakam vaangangai
njaaan oru pustakam vaangangai
I      a   book     buy-PAST
I bought a book

#	+++ not sure of the morphology of the verb
	
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: determiners
* oru njaaan pustakam vaangangai
  oru njaaan pustakam vaangangai
  a   I      book     buy-PAST
  I bought a book

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: determiners
* njaaan pustakam oru vaangangai
  njaaan pustakam oru vaangangai
  I      book     a   buy-PAST
  I bought a book


Source: a:126
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: determiners
aalaukala ellaam pooyi
aala-ukala ellaam pooyi
person-PL all go-PAST
all the people went

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: determiners
* ellaam aalaukala pooyi
  ellaam aala-ukala pooyi
  all person-PL    go-PAST
  all the people went

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: determiners
* aalaukala pooyi   ellaam 
  aala-ukala pooyi   ellaam 
  person-PL go-PAST all 
  all the people went

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: determiners
valare aalaukala pooyi
valare aala-ukala pooyi
many   person-PL go-PAST
many people went

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: determiners
* aalaukala valare pooyi
  aala-ukala valare pooyi
  person-PL many   go-PAST
  many people went

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: determiners
* aalaukala pooyi   valare 
  aala-ukala pooyi   valare 
  person-PL go-PAST many   
  many people went



# < Argument Optionality>

Source: a:97
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
avan oru taiiccar aana
avan oru taiiccar aana
he   a   teacher  be-PRES
he is a teacher


Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
avan oru taiiccar
avan oru taiiccar
he   a   teacher
he is a teacher

Source: d:45
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
thanuppundu
thanuppundu
cold
it is cold

Source: a:106
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
enikk tanaukkunnu
enikk tanaukkunnu
I-DAT feel cold-PRES
I feel cold

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
tanaukkunnu
tanaukkunnu
feel cold-PRES
I feel cold

Source: a:106
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
visaakkunnu
visaakkunnu
feel hungry-PRES
(I) feel hungry

Source: a:106
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
saabdam sahikka    vayya
saabdam sahikka    vayya
noise   bear-INFIN cannot
(I) can't stand the noise


# <Agreement>

Source: a:354
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Agreement
kutatai nallavan anna
kutatai nalla-van anna
child good-MASC be-PRES
the boy is good

Source: a:354
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Agreement
kutatai nallavala anna
kutatai nalla-vala anna
child good-FEM be-PRES
the girl is good

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Agreement
kutatai nallat anna
kutatai nalla-t anna
child good-NEUT be-PRES
the child is good

Source: a:354
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Agreement
kutataikala nallavar anna
kutataikala nalla-var anna
the children good-HUM_PL be-PRES
the boy is good

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Agreement
kutataikala nallat anna
kutataikala nalla-t anna
childred good-NEUT be-PRES
the children are good

Source: a:354
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Agreement
ii pustakam nallat anna
ii pustakam nalla-t anna
this book good-NEUT be-PRES
this book is good

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Agreement
ii pustakam nallavan anna
ii pustakam nalla-van anna
this book good-MASC be-PRES
this book is good

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Agreement
ii pustakam nallavalai anna
ii pustakam nalla-valai anna
this book good-FEM be-PRES
this book is good

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Agreement
ii pustakam nallavar anna
ii pustakam nalla-var anna
this book good-HUM_PL be-PRES
this book is good



# <Case>

# * noun-nom intrans-verb
Source: a:107
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: case
avan unanaunnu
avan unanaunnu
he eat-PRES   
he is having his meal
  
# * *noun-acc intrans-verb
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
avane unanaunnu
avan-e unanaunnu
he-ACC eat-PRES   
he is having his meal
  
# * *noun-dat intrans-verb
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
avann unanaunnu
avan-n unanaunnu
he-DAT eat-PRES   
he is having his meal
  

# * noun-nom noun-acc trans-verb 
Source: a:193
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: case
kutatai ammaye     vilaiccu
kutatai amma-ye    vilaicc-u
child   mother-ACC call-PAST
the child called the mother

# * *noun-acc noun-acc trans-verb
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
kutataiye ammaye     vilaiccu
kutatai-ye amma-ye    vilaicc-u
child-ACC   mother-ACC call-PAST
the child called the mother

# * *noun-dat noun-acc trans-verb 
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
kutataikk ammaye     vilaiccu
kutatai-kk amma-ye    vilaicc-u
child-DAT   mother-ACC call-PAST
the child called the mother

# * *noun-nom noun-nom trans-verb 
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
kutatai amma     vilaiccu
kutatai amma    vilaicc-u
child-NOM   mother-NOM call-PAST
the child called the mother

# * *noun-nom noun-dat trans-verb 
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
kutatai ammakk     vilaiccu
kutatai amma-kk    vilaicc-u
child-NOM   mother-DAT call-PAST
the child called the mother

# * noun-dat noun-nom noun-nom ditrans-verb
Source: a:193
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: case
kutataikk amma     paal kotautatau
kutatai-kk amma     paal kotautatau
child-DAT  mother   milk gave-PAST
the mother gave the child milk

# * *noun-nom noun-nom noun-nom ditrans-verb
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
kutatai amma     paal kotautatau
kutatai amma     paal kotautatau
child  mother   milk gave-PAST
the mother gave the child milk

# * *noun-acc noun-nom noun-nom ditrans-verb
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
kutataiye amma     paal kotautatau
kutatai-ye amma     paal kotautatau
child-ACC  mother   milk gave-PAST
the mother gave the child milk

# * *noun-acc noun-acc noun-nom ditrans-verb
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
kutatai amma     paal kotautatau
kutatai-ye amma-ye     paal kotautatau
child-ACC  mother-ACC   milk gave-PAST
the mother gave the child milk

# * *noun-dat noun-dat noun-nom ditrans-verb
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
kutataikk ammakk     paal kotautatau
kutatai-kk amma-kk     paal kotautatau
child-DAT  mother-DAT   milk gave-PAST
the mother gave the child milk

# * *noun-dat noun-dat noun-dat ditrans-verb
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
kutataikk ammakk     paalkk? kotautatau
kutatai-kk amma-kk     paal-kk? kotautatau
child-DAT  mother-DAT   milk-DAT gave-PAST
the mother gave the child milk

# * *noun-acc noun-acc noun-acc ditrans-verb
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
kutataiye ammaye     paalye kotautatau
kutatai-ye amma-ye     paal-ye kotautatau
child-ACC  mother-ACC   milk-ACC gave-PAST
the mother gave the child milk

# * *noun-acc noun-acc noun-dat ditrans-verb
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
kutataiye ammaye     paal-kk kotautatau
kutatai-ye amma-ye     paal-kk kotautatau
child-ACC  mother-ACC   milk-ACC gave-PAST
the mother gave the child milk



# <Negation>

Source: a:151
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: negation
raaman daooktaar alla
raaman daooktaar alla
Raman doctor be-PRES-NEG
Raman is not a doctor

# it is not appropriate to use the other 'be' verb, so this ungrammatical case has the wrong negation.
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: negation
raaman daooktaar illa
raaman daooktaar illa
Raman doctor be-PRES-NEG
Raman is not a doctor

# it wouldn't be appropriate to append -alla to the verb 'be'.
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: negation
raaman daooktaar aanailla
raaman daooktaar aana-illa
Raman doctor be-PRES-NEG
Raman is not a doctor

Source: a:151
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: negation
kutatai viitatail illa
kutatai viitata-il illa
child house-LOC be-PRES-NEG
the child is not at home

# it is not appropriate to use the other 'be' verb, so this ungrammatical case has the wrong negation.
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: negation
kutatai viitatail alla
kutatai viitata-il alla
child house-LOC be-PRES-NEG
the child is not at home

# it wouldn't be appropriate to append -illa to the verb 'be'.
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: negation
kutatai viitatail unataalla
kutatai viitata-il unata-alla
child house-LOC be-PRES-NEG
the child is not at home

# <Negation>

Source: a:8
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
avan vannoo
avan vann-oo
he come-PAST-IP
Did he come?

# It is ungrammatical to use the -ee suffix, since the verb hasn't been negated.
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
avan vannee
avan vann-ee
he come-PAST-IP
Did he come?

# It is ungrammatical to attach the suffix to the noun in a  sentence where the verb is present.
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
avanoo vannu
avan-oo vannu
he-IP come-PAST
Did he come?

Source: A:8
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
avar vannillee
avar vannill-ee
they come-PAST-NEG-IP
Didn't they come?

# It is ungrammatical to use the -oo suffix, since the verb has been negated with a -illa suffix.
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
avar vannilloo
avar vannill-oo
they come-PAST-NEG-IP
Didn't they come?

# It is ungrammatical to attach the suffix to the noun in a  sentence where the verb is present.
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
avaree vannilla
avar-ee vannilla
they-IP come-PAST-NEG
Didn't they come?

Source: A:133
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Coordination
raaghavanum kumaarum vannu
raaghavan-um kumaar-um vannu
Raghavan-COORD Kumar-COORD come-PAST
Raghavan and Kumar came

# It's ungrammatical to mark only one of the NPs with the coordinating suffix
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Coordination
raaghavan kumaarum vannu
raaghavan kumaar-um vannu
Raghavan Kumar-COORD come-PAST
Raghavan and Kumar came

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Coordination
raaghavanum kumaar vannu
raaghavan-um kumaar vannu
Raghavan-COORD Kumar come-PAST
Raghavan and Kumar came

# It's ungrammatical to put the suffix on the verb
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Coordination
raaghavan kumaar vannum
raaghavan kumaar vann-um
Raghavan Kumar come-PAST-COORD
Raghavan and Kumar came


Source: A:134
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Coordination
raaghavan kr^shanaaneyum kumaar maadhavaneyum kanatau
raaghavan kr^shanaane-yum kumaar maadhavane-yum kanatau
Raghavan Krishnan-ACC-COORD Kumar Madhavan-ACC-COORD see-PAST
Raghavan saw Krishnan and Kumar saw Madhavan.

# It's ungrammatical to mark only one of the NPs with the coordinating suffix
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Coordination
raaghavan kr^shanaane kumaar maadhavaneyum kanatau
raaghavan kr^shanaane kumaar maadhavane-yum kanatau
Raghavan Krishnan-ACC Kumar Madhavan-ACC-COORD see-PAST
Raghavan saw Krishnan and Kumar saw Madhavan.

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Coordination
raaghavan kr^shanaaneyum kumaar maadhavane kanatau
raaghavan kr^shanaane-yum kumaar maadhavane kanatau
Raghavan Krishnan-ACC-COORD Kumar Madhavan-ACC see-PAST
Raghavan saw Krishnan and Kumar saw Madhavan.

# It's ungrammatical to put the suffix on the Subject
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Coordination
raaghavanum kr^shanaane kumaarum maadhavane kanatau
raaghavan-um kr^shanaane kumaar-um maadhavane kanatau
Raghavan-COORD Krishnan-ACC Kumar-COORD Madhavan-ACC see-PAST
Raghavan saw Krishnan and Kumar saw Madhavan.

# It's ungrammatical to put the suffix on the verb
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Coordination
raaghavan kr^shanaane kumaar maadhavane kanatauyum
raaghavan kr^shanaane kumaar maadhavane kanatau-yum
Raghavan Krishnan-ACC Kumar Madhavan-ACC see-PAST-COORD
Raghavan saw Krishnan and Kumar saw Madhavan.


# <Embedded>

Source: a:48
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Embedded questions
kumaar naalae varumoo enn kutatai coodiccu
kumaar naalae varumoo enn kutatai coodiccu
Kumar tomorrow come-FUT QP child ask-PAST
the child asked whether Kumar would come tomorrow.

# it would be ungrammatical to leave out the QP.
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Embedded questions
kumaar naalae varumoo kutatai coodiccu
kumaar naalae varumoo kutatai coodiccu
Kumar tomorrow come-FUT child ask-PAST
the child asked whether Kumar would come tomorrow.

# it might be ungrammatical to have the QP precede the verb, or follow the other verb.
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Embedded questions
kumaar naalae varumoo kutatai coodiccu enn
kumaar naalae varumoo kutatai coodiccu enn 
Kumar tomorrow come-FUT child ask-PAST QP 
the child asked whether Kumar would come tomorrow.

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Embedded questions
kumaar naalae enn varumoo kutatai coodiccu
kumaar naalae enn varumoo kutatai coodiccu
Kumar tomorrow QP come-FUT child ask-PAST
the child asked whether Kumar would come tomorrow.


# <Modals>

Source: a:308
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Modals
enikk kuracc duuram veegam nataakkaam
enikk kuracc duuram veegam nataakk-aam
I-DAT a_little distance fast walk-can
I can walk fast for a short distance

# ungrammatical to use a non-dative subject
Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Modals
njaaan kuracc duuram veegam nataakkaam
njaaan kuracc duuram veegam nataakk-aam
I-NOM a_little distance fast walk-can
I can walk fast for a short distance

Source: WBannister
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Modals
enne kuracc duuram veegam nataakkaam
enne kuracc duuram veegam nataakk-aam
I-ACC a_little distance fast walk-can
I can walk fast for a short distance

