############################################################################
# David Bullock (bullockd@u.washington.edu).
# LING-567 "Knowledge Engineering for NLP" (Bender).
# Lab 2, due 2006-Apr-9.

Language: Mandarin Chinese
Language code: cmn
Author: David Bullock
Date: 2006-Apr-9

############################################################################
# Language consultants: Yow-ren Chiang.

############################################################################
# Abbreviations used:
# 1PL = first person plural.
# 1SG = first person singular.
# 2PL = second person plural.
# 2SG = second person singular.
# 3PL = third person plural.
# 3SG = third person singular.
# CLF = classifier.
# GEN = genitive marker.
# NEG = negation marker.
# Q = question marker.
# REL = relativizer.

############################################################################
# WORD ORDER: INTRANSITIVE.
#
# Word order for intransitive verbs: Subject Verb.
#
# The word 'hao3' is used as a stative verb.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Word order
zhe4 ben3 shu1 hao3
this CLF book good
'This book is good.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*hao3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
good this CLF book
'This book is good.'

############################################################################
# WORD ORDER: TRANSITIVE.
#
# Word order for transitive verbs: Subject Verb Object.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Word order
wo3 de lao3.shi1 you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
1SG GEN teacher have two CLF book
'My teacher has two books.'

# TODO: The following sentence would make more sense with another verb.
# Maybe add: wo3 de lao3.shi1 kan4 zhe4 ge ren2.
# And also: zhe4 ge ren2 kan4 wo3 de lao3.shi1.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Word order
liang3 ben3 shu1 you3 wo3 de lao3.shi1
two CLF book have 1SG GEN teacher 
'Two books have my teacher.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*you3 wo3 de lao3.shi1 liang3 ben3 shu1
have 1SG GEN teacher two CLF book
'My teacher has two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*you3 liang3 ben3 shu1 wo3 de lao3.shi1
have two CLF book 1SG GEN teacher 
'My teacher has two books.'

# TODO: Could the following sentence be grammatical if interpreted as
# topicalized (meaning 'My teacher, two books have him/her.')?
# If so, it would make more sense with another verb.
# Maybe add: wo3 de lao3.shi1 zhe4 ge ren2 kan4.
# And also: zhe4 ge ren2 wo3 de lao3.shi1 kan4.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*wo3 de lao3.shi1 liang3 ben3 shu1 you3
1SG GEN teacher two CLF book have
'My teacher has two books.'

# TODO: Could the following sentence be grammatical if interpreted as
# topicalized (meaning 'Two books, my teacher has them.')?

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*liang3 ben3 shu1 wo3 de lao3.shi1 you3
two CLF book 1SG GEN teacher have
'My teacher has two books.'

############################################################################
# WORD ORDER: DITRANSITIVE.
#
# Word order for transitive verbs: Subject Verb IndirectObject Object.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Word order
wo3 de lao3.shi1 gei3 zhe4 ge ren2 liang3 ben3 shu1
1SG GEN teacher give this CLF person two CLF book
'My teacher gives this person two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*gei3 wo3 de lao3.shi1 zhe4 ge ren2 liang3 ben3 shu1
give 1SG GEN teacher this CLF person two CLF book
'My teacher gives this person two books.'

# TODO: Could the following sentence be grammatical if interpreted as
# topicalized (meaning 'My teacher, this person gave him/her two books.')?

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*wo3 de lao3.shi1 zhe4 ge ren2 gei3 liang3 ben3 shu1
1SG GEN teacher this CLF person give two CLF book
'My teacher gives this person two books.'

# TODO: Could the following sentence be grammatical if interpreted as
# topicalized (meaning 'This person, my teacher gave him/her two books.')?

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*zhe4 ge ren2 wo3 de lao3.shi1 gei3 liang3 ben3 shu1
this CLF person 1SG GEN teacher give two CLF book
'My teacher gives this person two books.'

# TODO: Could the following sentence be grammatical if interpreted as
# topicalized (meaning 'Two books, my teacher gave this person them.')?

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*liang3 ben3 shu1 wo3 de lao3.shi1 gei3 zhe4 ge ren2
two CLF book 1SG GEN teacher give this CLF person 
'My teacher gives this person two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Word order
*wo3 de lao3.shi1 zhe4 ge ren2 liang3 ben3 shu1 gei3
1SG GEN teacher this CLF person two CLF book give
'My teacher gives this person two books.'

############################################################################
# PRONOUNS: SINGULAR.
#
# Pronouns have different forms for singular and plural (unlike common
# nouns, which are underspecified for number).

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
wo3 you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
1SG have two CLF book
'I have two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
ni3 you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
2SG have two CLF book
'You (singular) have two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
ta1 you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
3SG have two CLF book
'He/she/it has two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
wo3 de lao3.shi1 gei3 wo3 liang3 ben3 shu1
1SG GEN teacher give 1SG two CLF book
'My teacher gives me two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
ni3 de lao3.shi1 gei3 ni3 liang3 ben3 shu1
2SG GEN teacher give 2SG two CLF book
'Your (singular) teacher gives you (singular) two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
ta1 de lao3.shi1 gei3 ta1 liang3 ben3 shu1
3SG GEN teacher give 3SG two CLF book
'His/her/its teacher gives him/her/it two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
wo3 de lao3.shi1 gei3 wo3 ta1
1SG GEN teacher give 1SG 3SG
'My teacher gives me it.'

############################################################################
# PRONOUNS: PLURAL.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
wo3.men you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
1PL have two CLF book
'We have two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
ni3.men you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
2PL have two CLF book
'You (plural) have two books.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
ta1.men you3 liang3 ben3 shu1
3PL have two CLF book
'They have two books.'

# TODO: Instead of the following sentence, use plurals in more places.
# Add: wo3.men de lao3.shi1 gei3 wo3.men liang3 ben3 shu1
# Add: ni3.men de lao3.shi1 gei3 ni3.men liang3 ben3 shu1
# Add: ta1.men de lao3.shi1 gei3 ta1.men liang3 ben3 shu1
# Add: wo3.men de lao3.shi1 gei3 wo3.men ta1.men

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Pronouns
wo3 de lao3.shi1 gei3 wo3 ta1.men
1SG GEN teacher give 1SG 3PL
'My teacher gives me them.'

############################################################################
# DETERMINERS: DEMONSTRATIVES, NUMERALS AND CLASSIFIERS BEFORE THE NOUN.
#
# Word order for noun phrases: Demonstrative Numeral Classifier Noun.
#
# All parts of the noun phrase are optional, including the noun.
#
# If a classifier is used, it must be preceeded by a demonstrative or a
# numeral or both.

# TODO: Add some sentences that use both demonstratives and numerals.
# Add: wo3 you3 zhe4 liang3 ben3 shu1
# Add: *wo3 you3 liang3 zhe4 ben3 shu1

############################################################################
# DETERMINERS: DEMONSTRATIVES AND CLASSIFIERS BEFORE THE NOUN.
#
# If a demonstrative is used, but the noun is dropped, a classifier is
# required.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Determiners
wo3 you3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
1SG have this CLF book
'I have this book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Determiners
*wo3 you3 ben3 zhe4 shu1
1SG have CLF this book
'I have this book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Determiners
wo3 you3 zhe4 shu1
1SG have this book
'I have this book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Determiners
*wo3 you3 shu1 zhe4
1SG have book this
'I have this book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Determiners

*wo3 you3 ben3 shu1
1SG have CLF book
'I have this book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Determiners
wo3 you3 shu1
1SG have book
'I have this book.'

# TODO: If a demonstrative is used, but the noun is dropped, is a classifier
# required?
# Add: wo3 you3 zhe4 ben3
# Add: *wo3 you3 zhe4
# Add: *wo3 you3 ben3

############################################################################
# DETERMINERS: NUMERALS AND CLASSIFIERS BEFORE THE NOUN.
#
# If a numeral is used, it must be followed by a classifier.

# TODO: Add sentences with numerals, classifiers and nouns.
# Add: yi1 ge ren2 kan4 wo3
# Add: *ge yi1 ren2 kan4 wo3
# Add: *yi1 ren2 kan4 wo3
# Add: *ge ren2 kan4 wo3
# Add: yi1 ge kan4 wo3
# Add: *yi1 kan4 wo3
# Add: *ge kan4 wo3

############################################################################
# DETERMINERS: DEMONSTRATIVES, NUMERALS AND CLASSIFIERS BEFORE PRONOUNS.
#
# Demonstratives, numerals and classifiers are not allowed before pronouns.

# TODO: Try demonstratives, numbers or classifiers before pronouns.
# Add: *wo3 kan4 zhe4 ge ta1.
# Add: *wo3 kan4 zhe4 ta1.
# Add: *wo3 kan4 liang3 ge ta1.men.
# Add: *wo3 kan4 liang3 ta1.men.

############################################################################
# ARGUMENT OPTIONALITY: PRO-DROP.
#
# All noun-phrase arguments of a verb are optional.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
wo3 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG have that CLF book
'I have that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
you3 na4 ben3 shu1
have that CLF book
'(Someone) has that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
wo3 you3
1SG have
'I have (something).'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Argument Optionality
you3
have
'(Someone) has (something).'

# TODO: Determine optionality and its meaning in ditransitive sentences.
# Add: wo3 gei3 ni3 ta1. 'I give you it.'
# Add: wo3 gei3 ni3. 'I give you (something).'
# Add: wo3 gei3 ta1. 'I give (someone) it.' or 'I give him/her (something).'
# Add: gei3 ni3 ta1.
# Add: gei3 ni3.
# Add: gei3 ta1.
# Add: gei3. '(Someone) gives (someone) (something).'

############################################################################
# AGREEMENT: CLASSIFIER-NOUN AGREEMENT.
#
# Different classes of nouns require different classifiers.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Agreement
wo3 kan4 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG look.at that CLF book
'I look at that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Agreement
*wo3 kan4 na4 ge shu1
1SG look.at that CLF book
'I look at that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Agreement
wo3 kan4 na4 ge ren2
1SG look.at that CLF person
'I look at that person.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Agreement
*wo3 kan4 na4 ben3 ren2
1SG look.at that CLF person
'I look at that person.'

# TODO: Add CLF for lao3.shi1.
# Add: wo3 kan4 na4 wei4 lao3.shi1

############################################################################
# CASE-MARKING ADPOSITIONS: GENITIVE.
#
# Mandarin does not have nominative and accusative cases, but does use a
# genitive marker 'de' at the end of a noun phrase to form a possessive.
#
# Within a modified noun phrase, possessives appear in the order before
# demonstratives: Possessive Demonstrative Number Classifier Noun.

# TODO: Phenomena: Case-marking adpositions

# Add: wo3 kan4 ni3 de zhe4 liang3 ben3 shu1
# Add: *wo3 kan4 zhe4 ni3 de liang3 ben3 shu1
# Add: *wo3 kan4 zhe4 liang3 ni3 de ben3 shu1
# Add: *wo3 kan4 zhe4 liang3 ben3 ni3 de shu1
# Add: *wo3 kan4 zhe4 liang3 ben3 shu1 ni3 de

# Add: wo3 kan4 ni3 de lao3.shi1 de zhe4 liang3 ben3 shu1

############################################################################
# NEGATION.
#
# The negation marker appears before the verb.
#
# There are two negation markers: 'bu4' and 'mei2'. Each of these can only
# be used with certain classes of verbs.

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Negation
wo3 bu4 yao4 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG NEG want that CLF book
'I do not want that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*bu4 wo3 yao4 na4 ben3 shu1
NEG 1SG want that CLF book
'I do not want that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*wo3 yao4 bu4 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG want NEG that CLF book
'I do not want that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*wo3 yao4 na4 ben3 shu1 bu4
1SG want that CLF book NEG
'I do not want that book.'

# TODO: Add: *wo3 mei2 yao4 na4 ben3 shu1

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Negation
wo3 mei2 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG NEG have that CLF book
'I do not have that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*mei2 wo3 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
NEG 1SG have that CLF book
'I do not have that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*wo3 you3 mei2 na4 ben3 shu1
1SG have NEG that CLF book
'I do not have that book.'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Negation
*wo3 you3 na4 ben3 shu1 mei2
1SG have that CLF book NEG
'I do not have that book.'

# TODO: Add: *wo3 bu4 you3 na4 ben3 shu1

# TODO: With an aux and main verb, where is the NEG allowed (and not
# allowed)?
# Add: wo3 bu4 neng2 kan4 ni3
# Add: wo3 neng2 bu4 kan4 ni3
# Add: wo3 bu4 neng2 bu4 kan4 ni3
# What about with two verbs?
# Maybe add: wo3 bu4 yao4 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
# Maybe add: wo3 yao4 mei2 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
# Maybe add: wo3 bu4 yao4 mei2 you3 na4 ben3 shu1

############################################################################
# MATRIX YES-NO QUESTIONS.
#
# A matrix yes-no question can be formed by adding the question marker 'ma'
# to the end of a declarative sentence (including a negated sentence).
#
# A matrix yes-no question can also be formed from a declarative sentence by
# replacing its Verb with: Verb NegationMarker Verb. (More accurately, this
# should be: FirstSyllableOfVerb NegationMarker CompleteVerb.)

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
ni3 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1 ma
2SG want that CLF book Q
'Do you want that book?'

# TODO: Add sentences that put the question marker in the wrong place.
# Add: *ma ni3 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1
# Add: *ni3 ma yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1
# Add: *ni3 yao4 ma zhe4 ben3 shu1

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
ni3 bu4 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1 ma
2SG NEG want that CLF book Q
'Do you not want that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
ni3 yao4 bu4 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1
2SG want NEG want that CLF book
'Do you want that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
*ni3 yao4 bu4 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1 ma
2SG want NEG want that CLF book Q
'Do you want that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
ni3 you3 zhe4 ben3 shu1 ma
2SG have that CLF book Q
'Do you have that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
ni3 mei2 you3 zhe4 ben3 shu1 ma
2SG NEG have that CLF book Q
'Do you not have that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: g
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
ni3 you3 mei2 you3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
2SG have NEG have that CLF book
'Do you have that book?'

Source: author
Vetted: t
Judgment: u
Phenomena: Matrix yes-no questions
*ni3 you3 mei2 you3 zhe4 ben3 shu1 ma
2SG have NEG have that CLF book Q
'Do you have that book?'

# TODO: If there is more than one verb (for example, aux verb), what are the
# restrictions on which verbs can be replaced with Verb NegativeMarker Verb?
# Maybe add: ni3 yao4 bu4 yao4 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
# Maybe add: ni3 yao4 you3 mei2 you3 na4 ben3 shu1
# Maybe add: ni3 yao4 bu4 yao4 you3 mei2 you3 na4 ben3 shu1

############################################################################
# IMPERATIVES.

# TODO: Phenomena: Imperatives

# TODO: Can imperatives include ni3?
# TODO: Difference from pro-drop is just context?
# Add: gei3 wo3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
# Add: ni3 gei3 wo3 zhe4 ben3 shu1 (Is this also an imperative?)

# TODO: Negative imperatives?

# Add: bu4 gei3 wo3 zhe4 ben3 shu1
# Add: ni3 bu4 gei3 wo3 zhe4 ben3 shu1 (Is this also an imperative?)

############################################################################
# EMBEDDED DECLARATIVES.

# TODO: Phenomena: Embedded declaratives

# Add: ni3 zhi1.dao4 ni3 de lao3.shi1 kan4 ni3
# 'You know that your teacher sees you.'

# Add: ni3 yao4 ni3 de lao3.shi1 kan4 ni3
# 'You want your teacher to see you.'

############################################################################
# EMBEDDED QUESTIONS.

# TODO: Phenomena: Embedded questions

# TODO: I'm just guessing. How is this done?
# Add: ni3 zhi1.dao4 ni3 de lao3.shi1 kan4 bu4 kan4 ni3 (Is this right?)
# 'You know if your teacher sees you.'

# Add: *ni3 yao4 ni3 de lao3.shi1 kan4 bu4 kan4 ni3
# 'You want if your teacher sees you.'

############################################################################
# MODALS.

# TODO: Phenomena: Modals

# TODO: (Is neng2 subject raising?)
# Add: wo3 neng2 kan4 ni3 de lao3.shi1
# Add: wo3 bu4 neng2 kan4 ni3 de lao3.shi1
# Add: wo3 neng2 bu4 kan4 ni3 de lao3.shi1

############################################################################
# COORDINATION.

# TODO: Phenomena: Coordination

# TODO: How does coordination work in Mandarin?

############################################################################
# ADJECTIVES.

# TODO: Phenomena: Adjectives

# Add: wo3 kan4 na4 wei4 hao3 de lao3.shi1
# Add: wo3 kan4 na4 wei4 hao3 lao3.shi1
# Add: *wo3 kan4 na4 wei4 lao3.shi1 hao3 de
# Add: *wo3 kan4 na4 wei4 lao3.shi1 hao3

# Add: wo3 kan4 na4 ben3 xiao3 de shu1
# Add: wo3 kan4 na4 ben3 xiao3 shu1
# Add: *wo3 kan4 na4 ben3 shu1 xiao3 de
# Add: *wo3 kan4 na4 ben3 shu1 xiao3

# Add (word order): zhe4 ben3 shu1 xiao3
# Add (word order): *xiao3 zhe4 ben3 shu1

############################################################################
# RELATIVE CLAUSES.

# TODO: Phenomena: Relative clauses

# Add: wo3 kan4 na4 liang3 ben3 ni3 yao4 de shu1
#      1SG see that two CLF 2SG want REL book
#      'I see those two books that you want.'
# Add: *wo3 kan4 ni3 yao4 de na4 liang3 ben3 shu1
# Add: *wo3 kan4 na4 ni3 yao4 de liang3 ben3 shu1
# Add: *wo3 kan4 na4 liang3 ni3 yao4 de ben3 shu1
# Add: *wo3 kan4 na4 liang3 ben3 shu1 ni3 yao4 de

# Add: wo3 kan4 na4 wei4 yao4 zhe4 ben3 shu1 de lao3.shi1
#      1SG see that CLF want this CLF book REL teacher
#      'I see that teacher who wants this book.'

# TODO: Determine relative clause meaning in ditransitive sentences.
# Add: wo3 kan4 na4 liang3 ben3 wo3 gei3 ni3 de shu1
#      1SG see that two CLF 1SG gave 2SG REL book
#      'I see those two books that I gave you.'
# Add: wo3 kan4 na4 wei4 wo3 gei3 ta1.men de lao3.shi1
#      1SG see that CLF 1SG gave 2SG REL book
#      'I see that teacher who I gave them to.'

############################################################################
