Language: Lakota
Language code: lkt
Lines: orth translit translit-seg gloss translat
Author: Curtis/McHugh
Date: April 8, 2013


## WORD ORDER

# 1/G Basic SOV (ambiguous with OSV)
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ khuwá
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ khuwá
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ khuwá
dog DEF cat DEF chase
'The dog chases/chased the cat.'

# 2/U Improper order: SVO/OVS (NPs are unmarked S/O but fixed order)
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: wo
šúŋka kiŋ khuwá igmú kiŋ
šúŋka kiŋ khuwá igmú kiŋ
šúŋka kiŋ khuwá igmú kiŋ
dog DEF chase cat DEF
'The dog chases/chased the cat.'

# 3/U Improper order: VSO/VOS (NPs are unmarked S/O but fixed order)
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: wo
khuwá šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ
khuwá šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ
khuwá šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ
chase dog DEF cat DEF
'The dog chases/chased the cat.'

## PRONOUNS

# 4/G 1SG.AGT + NP PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ wakhúwa
igmú kiŋ wa-khúwa
igmú kiŋ 1SgAgt-khuwá
cat DEF 1SG.AGT-chase
'I chase the cat'

# 5/G 1SG.PAT + NP AGT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ makhúwa
igmú kiŋ ma-khúwa
igmú kiŋ 1SgPat-khuwá
cat DEF  1SG.PAT-chase
'The dog chases me'

# 6/G 2SG.AGT + NP PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ yakhúwa
igmú kiŋ ya-khúwa
igmú kiŋ 2SgAgt-khuwá
cat DEF 2SG.AGT-chase
'You (sg) chase the cat'

# 7/G 2SG.PAT + NP AGT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ nikhúwa
igmú kiŋ ni-khúwa
igmú kiŋ 2SgPat-khuwá
cat DEF 2SG.PAT-chase
'The cat chases you'

# 8/G 3SG.AGT + NP PAT -OR- 3SG.PAT + NP AGT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ khuwá
igmú kiŋ Ø-khuwá
igmú kiŋ 3SgAgt-khuwá
cat DEF 3SG.AGT-chase
'He chases the cat'

# 9/G 1DU.AGT + NP PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ uŋkhúwa
igmú kiŋ uŋ-khúwa
igmú kiŋ 1DuAgt-khuwá
cat DEF 1DU.AGT-chase
'You and I chase the cat'

# 10/G 1PL.AGT + NP PAT -OR- 1PL.PAT + NP AGT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ uŋkhúwapi
igmú kiŋ uŋ-khúwa-pi
igmú kiŋ 1PlAgt-khuwá
cat DEF 1PL.AGT-chase
'We chase the cat / The cat chases us'

# 11/G 2PL.AGT + NP PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ yakhúwapi
igmú kiŋ ya-khúwa-pi
igmú kiŋ 2PlAgt-khuwá
cat DEF 2PL.AGT-chase
'You (pl) chase the cat'

# 12/G 2PL.PAT + NP AGT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ nikhúwapi
igmú kiŋ ni-khúwa-pi
igmú kiŋ 2PlPat-khuwá
cat DEF 2PL.PAT-chase
'The cat chases you (pl)'

# 13/G 3PL.AGT + NP PAT -OR- 3PL.PAT + NP AGT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ khuwápi
igmú kiŋ khuwá-pi
igmú kiŋ 3PlAgt-khuwá
cat DEF 3PL.AGT-chase
'They chase the cat / the cat chases them'

# 14/G 3PL.COLL.AGT + NP PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ wičhákhuwapi
igmú kiŋ wičhá-khuwa-pi
igmú kiŋ 3PlCollAgt-khuwá
cat DEF 3PL.COLL.AGT-chase
'They (coll.) chase the cat'

# 15/U 1SG.AGT + 1SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pn
mawákhuwa
ma-wá-khuwa
1SgPat-1SgAgt-khuwá
1SG.PAT-1SG.AGT-chase
'I chase me'

# 16/U deleted - this was handled by the FST

# 17/G 1SG.AGT + 2SG.PAT (Special form)
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
čhikhúwa
čhi-khúwa
2SgPat<1SgAgt-khuwá
2SG.PAT<1SG.AGT-chase
'I chase you'

# 18/G 1SG.AGT + 3SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
wakhúwa
wa-khúwa
3SgPat-1SgAgt-khuwá
3SG.PAT-1SG.AGT-chase
'I chase it'

# 19/U 1SG.AGT + 1PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pn
uŋwákhuwapi
uŋ-wá-khuwapi
1PlPat-1SgAgt-khuwá
1PL.PAT-1SG.AGT-chase
'I chase us'

# 20/G 1SG.AGT + 2PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
čhikhúwapi
čhi-khúwapi
2PlPat<1SgAgt-khuwá
2PL.PAT<1SG.AGT-chase
'I chase you (pl)'

# 21/G 1SG.AGT + 3PL.ANIM.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
wičháwakhuwa
wičhá-wa-khuwá
3PlAnimPat-1SgAgt-khuwá
3PL.ANIM.PAT-1SG.AGT-chase
'I chase them'

# 22/G 1DU.AGT + 3SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
uŋkhúwa
uŋ-khúwa
3SgPat-1DuAgt-khuwá
3SG.PAT-1DU.AGT-chase
'We (du.) chase it'

# 23/G 1DU.AGT + 3PL.ANIM.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
wičhaúŋkhuwa
wičha-uŋ-khuwá
3PlAnimPat-1DuAgt-khuwá
3PL.ANIM.PAT-1DU.AGT-chase
'We (du.) chase them'

# 24/G 1PL.AGT + 1SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pn
uŋmákhuwapi
uŋ-ma-khuwá-pi
1SgPat-1PlAgt-khuwá
1SG.PAT-1PL.AGT-chase
'We chase me'

# 25/G 1PL.AGT + 2SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
uŋnikhuwápi
uŋ-ni-khuwá-pi
2SgPat-1SgAgt-khuwá
2SG.PAT-1PL.AGT-chase
'We chase you (sg)'

# 26/G 1PL.AGT + 3SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
uŋkhúwapi
uŋ-khúwa-pi
3SgPat-1PlAgt-khuwá
3SG.PAT-1PL.AGT-chase
'We chase it'


# 27/G 1PL.AGT + 2PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
uŋníkhuwapi
uŋ-ni-khuwá-pi
2PlPat-1PlAgt-khuwá
1PL.AGT-2PL.PAT-chase
'We chase you (pl)'

# 28/G 1PL.AGT + 3PL.ANIM.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
wičháyakhuwapi
wičha-ya-khuwá-pi
3PlAnimPat-1PlAgt-khuwá
3PL.ANIM.PAT-1PL.AGT-chase
'We chase them'

# 29/G 2SG.AGT + 1SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
mayákhuwa
ma-ya-khuwá
1SgPat-2SgAgt-khuwá
1SG.PAT-2SG.AGT-chase
'You chase me'

# 30/G 2SG.AGT + 3SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
yakhúwa
ya-khuwá
3SgPat-2SgAgt-khuwá
3SG.PAT-2SG.AGT-chase
'You chase it'

# 31/G 2SG.AGT + 1PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
uŋyákhuwapi
uŋ-ya-khuwá-pi
1PlPat-2SgAgt-khuwá
1PL.PAT-2SG.AGT-chase
'You chase us'

# 32/G 2SG.AGT + 3PL.ANIM.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
wičháyakhuwa
wičhá-ya-khuwá
3PlAnimPat-2SgAgt-khuwá
3PL.ANIM.PAT-2SG.AGT-chase
'You chase them'

# 33/G 2PL.AGT + 1SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
mayákhuwapi
ma-ya-khuwá-pi
1SgPat-2PlAgt-khuwá
1SG.PAT-2PL.AGT-chase
'You (pl) chase me'

# 34/G 2PL.AGT + 3SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
yakhúwapi
ya-khuwá-pi
3SgPat-2PlAgt-khuwá
3SG.PAT-2PL.AGT-chase
'You (pl) chase it'

# 35/G 2PL.AGT + 1PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
uŋyákhuwapi
uŋ-ya-khuwá-pi
1PlPat-2PlAgt-khuwá
1PL.PAT-2PL.AGT-chase
'You (pl) chase us'

# 36/G 2PL.AGT + 3PL.ANIM.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
wičháyakhuwapi
wičhá-ya-khuwapi
3PlAnimPat-2PlAgt-khuwá
3PL.ANIM.PAT-2PL.AGT-chase
'You (pl) chase them'

# 37/G 3SG.AGT + 1SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
makhúwa
ma-khúwa
1SgPat-3SgAgt-khuwá
1SG.PAT-3SG.AGT-chase
'It chases me'

# 38/G 3SG.AGT + 2SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
nikhúwa
ni-khuwá
2SgPat-3SgAgt-khuwá
2SG.PAT-3SG.AGT-chase
'It chases you'

# 39/G 3SG.AGT + 3SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
khuwá
khuwá
3SgPat-3SgAgt-khuwá
3SG.PAT-3SG.AGT-chase
'It chases it'

# 40/G 3SG.AGT + 1PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
uŋkhúwapi
uŋ-khuwá-pi
1PlPat-3SgAgt-khuwá
1PL.PAT-3SG.AGT-chase
'It chases us'

# 41/G 3SG.AGT + 2PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
nikhúwapi
ni-khuwá-pi
2PlPat-3SgAgt-khuwá
2PL.PAT-3SG.AGT-chase
'It chases you (pl)'

# 42/G 3SG.AGT + 3PL.ANIM.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
wičhákhuwa
wičhá-khuwá
3PlAnimPat-3SgAgt-khuwá
3PL.ANIM.PAT-3SG.AGT-chase
'It chases them'

# 43/G 3PL.AGT + 1SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
makhúwapi
ma-khuwá-pi
1SgPat-3PlAgt-khuwá
1SG.PAT-3PL.AGT-chase
'They chase me'

# 44/G 3PL.AGT + 2SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
nikhúwapi
ni-khuwá-pi
2SgPat-3PlAgt-khuwá
2SG.PAT-3PL.AGT-chase
'They chase you'

# 45/G 3PL.AGT + 3SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
khuwápi
khuwá-pi
3SgPat-3PlAgt-khuwá
3SG.PAT-3PL.AGT-chase
'They chase it'

# 46/G 3PL.AGT + 1PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
uŋkhúwapi
uŋ-khuwá-pi
1PlPat-3PlAgt-khuwá
1PL.PAT-3PL.AGT-chase
'They chase us'

# 47/G 3PL.AGT + 2PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
nikhúwapi
ni-khuwá-pi
3PlPat-3PlAgt-khuwá
2PL.PAT-3PL.AGT-chase
'They chase you (pl)'

# 48/G 3PL.AGT + 3PL.ANIM.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
wičhákhuwapi
wičhá-khuwá-pi
3PlAnimPat-3PlAgt-khuwá
3PL.ANIM.PAT-3PL.AGT-chase
'They chase them'

# 49/U 1DU.AGT + 1PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pn
uŋkúŋkhuwapi
uŋ-uŋ-khuwá-pi
1PlPat-1DuAgt-khuwá
1PL.PAT-1DU.AGT-chase
'We (du.) chase us'

# 50/U 1DU.AGT + 2SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pn
uŋyákhuwapi
uŋ-ya-khuwá-pi
2SgPat-1DuAgt-khuwá
2SG.PAT-1DU.AGT-chase
'We (du.) chase you (sg)'


# 51/U 1DU.AGT + 2PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pn
uŋyákhuwapi
uŋ-ya-khuwá-pi
2PlPat-1DuAgt-khuwá
2PL.PAT-1DU.AGT-chase
'We (du.) chase you (pl)'

# 52/U 1PL.AGT + 1PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pn
uŋyákhuwapi
uŋ-ya-khuwá-pi
1PlPat-1PlAgt-khuwá
1PL.PAT-1PL.AGT-chase
'We chase us'

### indefinites

# 53/G
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: det
igmú waŋ wakhúwa
igmú waŋ wa-khuwá
igmú waŋ  1SgAgt-khuwá
cat  IDF.SG 1SG.AGT-chase
'I am chasing a cat'

# 54/G
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: det
igmú eyá wakhúwa
igmú eyá wa-khuwá
igmú eyá 1SgAgt-khuwá
cat  IDF.PL 1SG.AGT-chase
'I am chasing cats'

# 55/U
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: det
waŋ igmú wakhúwa
waŋ igmú wa-khuwá
waŋ igmú 1SgAgt-khuwá
IDF.SG cat 1SG.AGT-chase
'I am chasing a cat'

# 56/U
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: det
eyá igmú wakhúwa
eyá igmú wa-khuwá
eyá igmú 1SgAgt-khuwá
IDF.PL cat 1SG.AGT-chase
'I am chasing cats'

### non-transitives

# 57/G stative
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: c
igmú kiŋ sápe
igmú kiŋ Ø-sápe
igmú kiŋ 3SgPat-sapÁ
cat DEF 3SG.PAT-be_black
'the cat is black'

# 58/U stative with agentive case
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: c
igmú kiŋ sápe
igmú kiŋ Ø-sápe
igmú kiŋ 3SgAgt-sapÁ
cat DEF 3SG.AGT-be_black
'the cat is black'

# 59/G Intransitive
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: c
igmú kiŋ lowáŋ
igmú kiŋ Ø-lowáŋ
igmú kiŋ 3SgAgt-lowáŋ
cat DEF 3SG.AGT-sing
'the cat sings'

# 60/U Intransitive w/Patientive case
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: c
igmú kiŋ lowáŋ
igmú kiŋ Ø-lowáŋ
igmú kiŋ 3SgPat-lowáŋ
cat DEF 3SG.PAT-sing
'the cat sings'
