Language: Lakota
Language code: lkt
Lines: orth translit translit-seg gloss translat
Author: Curtis/McHugh
Date: April 8, 2013
Source a: de Reuse, W. J. (1982). Remarks on the Lakhota Enclitics. Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics Lawrence, Kans., 7, 153-164.
Source b: Ullrich, J. (2011). New Lakota Dictionary (2nd ed.). Bloomington, IN: Lakota Language Consortium.
Source c: Van Valin, R. D. (1977) Aspects of Lakhota Syntax: A study of Lakhota (Teton Dakota) syntax and its implications for universal grammar.  PhD Thesis, Univ. Berkeley

################
# Notes on lines:
#
# orth = surface form
# translit = surface form split into morphemes (surface order)
# translit-seg = FST upper-side form
# gloss = IGT gloss form
# translat = free translation
################

## WORD ORDER

# 1/G Basic SOV (ambiguous with OSV)
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ khuwá
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ khuwá
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ khuwá
dog DEF cat DEF chase
'The dog chases/chased the cat.'

# 2/U Improper order: SVO/OVS (NPs are unmarked S/O but fixed order)
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: wo
šúŋka kiŋ khuwá igmú kiŋ
šúŋka kiŋ khuwá igmú kiŋ
šúŋka kiŋ khuwá igmú kiŋ
dog DEF chase cat DEF
'The dog chases/chased the cat.'

# 3/U Improper order: VSO/VOS (NPs are unmarked S/O but fixed order)
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: wo
khuwá šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ
khuwá šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ
khuwá šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ
chase dog DEF cat DEF
'The dog chases/chased the cat.'

## PRONOUNS

# 4/G 1SG.AGT + NP PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ wakhúwa
igmú kiŋ wa-khuwá
igmú kiŋ khuwá-1SgAgt
cat DEF chase-1SG.AGT
'I chase the cat'

# 5/G 1SG.PAT + NP AGT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ makhúwa
igmú kiŋ ma-khuwá
igmú kiŋ khuwá-1SgPat
cat DEF  chase-1SG.PAT
'The dog chases me'

# 6/G 2SG.AGT + NP PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ yakhúwa
igmú kiŋ ya-khuwá
igmú kiŋ khuwá-2SgAgt
cat DEF chase-2SG.AGT
'You (sg) chase the cat'

# 7/G 2SG.PAT + NP AGT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ nikhúwa
igmú kiŋ ni-khuwá
igmú kiŋ khuwá-2SgPat
cat DEF chase-2SG.PAT
'The cat chases you'

# 8/G 3SG.AGT + NP PAT -OR- 3SG.PAT + NP AGT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ khuwá
igmú kiŋ Ø-khuwá
igmú kiŋ khuwá-3SgAgt
cat DEF chase-3SG.AGT
'He chases the cat'

# 9/G 1DU.AGT + NP PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ uŋkhúwa
igmú kiŋ uŋ-khuwá
igmú kiŋ khuwá-1DuAgt
cat DEF chase-1DU.AGT
'You and I chase the cat'

# 10/G 1PL.AGT + NP PAT -OR- 1PL.PAT + NP AGT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ uŋkhúwapi
igmú kiŋ uŋ-khuwá-pi
igmú kiŋ khuwá-1PlAgt
cat DEF chase-1PL.AGT
'We chase the cat / The cat chases us'

# 11/G 2PL.AGT + NP PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ yakhúwapi
igmú kiŋ ya-khuwá-pi
igmú kiŋ khuwá-2PlAgt
cat DEF chase-2PL.AGT
'You (pl) chase the cat'

# 12/G 2PL.PAT + NP AGT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ nikhúwapi
igmú kiŋ ni-khuwá-pi
igmú kiŋ khuwá-2PlPat
cat DEF chase-2PL.PAT
'The cat chases you (pl)'

# 13/G 3PL.AGT + NP PAT -OR- 3PL.PAT + NP AGT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ khuwápi
igmú kiŋ khuwá-pi
igmú kiŋ khuwá-3PlAgt
cat DEF chase-3PL.AGT
'They chase the cat / the cat chases them'

# 14/G 3PL.COLL.AGT + NP PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
igmú kiŋ wičhákhuwapi
igmú kiŋ wičhá-khuwá-pi
igmú kiŋ khuwá-3PlCollAgt
cat DEF chase-3PL.COLL.AGT
'They (coll.) chase the cat'

# 15/U 1SG.AGT + 1SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pn
mawákhuwa
ma-wá-khuwá
khuwá-1SgPat-1SgAgt
chase-1SG.PAT-1SG.AGT
'I chase me'

# 16/G 1SG.AGT + 2SG.PAT (Special form)
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
čhikhúwa
čhi-khuwá
khuwá-2SgPat-1SgAgt
chase-2SG.PAT-1SG.AGT
'I chase you'

# 17/G 1SG.AGT + 3SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
wakhúwa
Ø-wa-khuwá
khuwá-3SgPat-1SgAgt
chase-3SG.PAT-1SG.AGT
'I chase it'

# 18/U 1SG.AGT + 1PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pn
uŋwákhuwapi
uŋ-wá-khuwá-pi
khuwá-1PlPat-1SgAgt
chase-1PL.PAT-1SG.AGT
'I chase us'

# 19/G 1SG.AGT + 2PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
čhikhúwapi
čhi-khuwá-pi
khuwá-2PlPat-1SgAgt
chase-2PL.PAT-1SG.AGT
'I chase you (pl)'

# 20/G 1SG.AGT + 3PL.ANIM.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
wičháwakhuwa
wičhá-wa-khuwá
khuwá-3PlAnimPat-1SgAgt
chase-3PL.ANIM.PAT-1SG.AGT
'I chase them'

# 21/G 1DU.AGT + 3SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
uŋkhúwa
Ø-uŋ-khuwá
khuwá-3SgPat-1DuAgt
chase-3SG.PAT-1DU.AGT
'We (du.) chase it'

# 22/G 1DU.AGT + 3PL.ANIM.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
wičhaúŋkhuwa
wičha-uŋ-khuwá
khuwá-3PlAnimPat-1DuAgt
chase-3PL.ANIM.PAT-1DU.AGT
'We (du.) chase them'

# 23/G 1PL.AGT + 1SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pn
uŋmákhuwapi
uŋ-ma-khuwá-pi
khuwá-1SgPat-1PlAgt
chase-1SG.PAT-1PL.AGT
'We chase me'

# 24/G 1PL.AGT + 2SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
uŋnikhuwápi
uŋ-ni-khuwá-pi
khuwá-2SgPat-1SgAgt
chase-2SG.PAT-1PL.AGT
'We chase you (sg)'

# 25/G 1PL.AGT + 3SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
uŋkhúwapi
Ø-uŋ-khúwa-pi
khuwá-3SgPat-1PlAgt
chase-3SG.PAT-1PL.AGT
'We chase it'

# 26/G 1PL.AGT + 2PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
uŋníkhuwapi
uŋ-ni-khuwá-pi
khuwá-2PlPat-1PlAgt
chase-1PL.AGT-2PL.PAT
'We chase you (pl)'

# 27/G 1PL.AGT + 3PL.ANIM.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
wičháyakhuwapi
wičha-ya-khuwá-pi
khuwá-3PlAnimPat-1PlAgt
chase-3PL.ANIM.PAT-1PL.AGT
'We chase them'

# 28/G 2SG.AGT + 1SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
mayákhuwa
ma-ya-khuwá
khuwá-1SgPat-2SgAgt
chase-1SG.PAT-2SG.AGT
'You chase me'

# 29/G 2SG.AGT + 3SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
yakhúwa
Ø-ya-khuwá
khuwá-3SgPat-2SgAgt
chase-3SG.PAT-2SG.AGT
'You chase it'

# 30/G 2SG.AGT + 1PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
uŋyákhuwapi
uŋ-ya-khuwá-pi
khuwá-1PlPat-2SgAgt
chase-1PL.PAT-2SG.AGT
'You chase us'

# 31/G 2SG.AGT + 3PL.ANIM.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
wičháyakhuwa
wičhá-ya-khuwá
khuwá-3PlAnimPat-2SgAgt
chase-3PL.ANIM.PAT-2SG.AGT
'You chase them'

# 32/G 2PL.AGT + 1SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
mayákhuwapi
ma-ya-khuwá-pi
khuwá-1SgPat-2PlAgt
chase-1SG.PAT-2PL.AGT
'You (pl) chase me'

# 33/G 2PL.AGT + 3SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
yakhúwapi
Ø-ya-khuwá-pi
khuwá-3SgPat-2PlAgt
chase-3SG.PAT-2PL.AGT
'You (pl) chase it'

# 34/G 2PL.AGT + 1PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
uŋyákhuwapi
uŋ-ya-khuwá-pi
khuwá-1PlPat-2PlAgt
chase-1PL.PAT-2PL.AGT
'You (pl) chase us'

# 35/G 2PL.AGT + 3PL.ANIM.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
wičháyakhuwapi
wičhá-ya-khuwapi
khuwá-3PlAnimPat-2PlAgt
chase-3PL.ANIM.PAT-2PL.AGT
'You (pl) chase them'

# 36/G 3SG.AGT + 1SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
makhúwa
ma-Ø-khúwa
khuwá-1SgPat-3SgAgt
chase-1SG.PAT-3SG.AGT
'It chases me'

# 37/G 3SG.AGT + 2SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
nikhúwa
ni-Ø-khuwá
khuwá-2SgPat-3SgAgt
chase-2SG.PAT-3SG.AGT
'It chases you'

# 38/G 3SG.AGT + 3SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
khuwá
Ø-Ø-khuwá
khuwá-3SgPat-3SgAgt
chase-3SG.PAT-3SG.AGT
'It chases it'

# 39/G 3SG.AGT + 1PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
uŋkhúwapi
uŋ-Ø-khuwá-pi
khuwá-1PlPat-3SgAgt
chase-1PL.PAT-3SG.AGT
'It chases us'

# 40/G 3SG.AGT + 2PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
nikhúwapi
ni-Ø-khuwá-pi
khuwá-2PlPat-3SgAgt
chase-2PL.PAT-3SG.AGT
'It chases you (pl)'

# 41/G 3SG.AGT + 3PL.ANIM.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
wičhákhuwa
wičhá-Ø-khuwá
khuwá-3PlAnimPat-3SgAgt
chase-3PL.ANIM.PAT-3SG.AGT
'It chases them'

# 42/G 3PL.AGT + 1SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
makhúwapi
ma-khuwá-pi
khuwá-1SgPat-3PlAgt
chase-1SG.PAT-3PL.AGT
'They chase me'

# 43/G 3PL.AGT + 2SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
nikhúwapi
ni-khuwá-pi
khuwá-2SgPat-3PlAgt
chase-2SG.PAT-3PL.AGT
'They chase you'

# 44/G 3PL.AGT + 3SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
khuwápi
Ø-khuwá-pi
khuwá-3SgPat-3PlAgt
chase-3SG.PAT-3PL.AGT
'They chase it'

# 45/G 3PL.AGT + 1PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
uŋkhúwapi
uŋ-khuwá-pi
khuwá-1PlPat-3PlAgt
chase-1PL.PAT-3PL.AGT
'They chase us'

# 46/G 3PL.AGT + 2PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
nikhúwapi
ni-khuwá-pi
khuwá-2PlPat-3PlAgt
chase-2PL.PAT-3PL.AGT
'They chase you (pl)'

# 47/G 3PL.AGT + 3PL.ANIM.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pn
wičhákhuwapi
wičhá-khuwá-pi
khuwá-3PlAnimPat-3PlAgt
chase-3PL.ANIM.PAT-3PL.AGT
'They chase them'

# 48/U 1DU.AGT + 1PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pn
uŋkúŋkhuwapi
uŋ-uŋ-khuwá-pi
khuwá-1PlPat-1DuAgt
chase-1PL.PAT-1DU.AGT
'We (du.) chase us'

# 49/U 1DU.AGT + 2SG.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pn
uŋyákhuwapi
uŋ-ya-khuwá-pi
khuwá-2SgPat-1DuAgt
chase-2SG.PAT-1DU.AGT
'We (du.) chase you (sg)'


# 50/U 1DU.AGT + 2PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pn
uŋyákhuwapi
uŋ-ya-khuwá-pi
khuwá-2PlPat-1DuAgt
chase-2PL.PAT-1DU.AGT
'We (du.) chase you (pl)'

# 51/U 1PL.AGT + 1PL.PAT
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pn
uŋyákhuwapi
uŋ-ya-khuwá-pi
khuwá-1PlPat-1PlAgt
chase-1PL.PAT-1PL.AGT
'We chase us'

### indefinites

# 52/G
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: det
igmú waŋ wakhúwa
igmú waŋ wa-khuwá
igmú waŋ  khuwá-1SgAgt
cat  IDF.SG chase-1SG.AGT
'I am chasing a cat'

# 53/G
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: det
igmú eyá wakhúwa
igmú eyá wa-khuwá
igmú eyá khuwá-1SgAgt
cat  IDF.PL chase-1SG.AGT
'I am chasing cats'

# 54/U
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: det
waŋ igmú wakhúwa
waŋ igmú wa-khuwá
waŋ igmú khuwá-1SgAgt
IDF.SG cat chase-1SG.AGT
'I am chasing a cat'

# 55/U
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: det
eyá igmú wakhúwa
eyá igmú wa-khuwá
eyá igmú khuwá-1SgAgt
IDF.PL cat chase-1SG.AGT
'I am chasing cats'

### non-transitives

# 56/G stative with patientive pronomial
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: c
nikáŋ
ni-káŋ
káŋ-2SgPat
be_old-2SG.PAT
'you (sg) are old'

# 57/U stative with agentive pronomial
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: c
nikáŋ
ni-káŋ
káŋ-2SgAgt
be_old-2SG.AGT
'you (sg) are old'

# 58/G Intransitive
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: c
igmú kiŋ lowáŋ
igmú kiŋ lowáŋ
igmú kiŋ lowáŋ
cat DEF sing
'the cat sings'

# 59/G Intransitive with agentive pronomial
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: c
lowáŋ
Ø-lowáŋ
lowáŋ-3SgAgt
sing-3SG.AGT
'he/she/it sings'

# 60/U Intransitive w/Patientive pronomial
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: c
lowáŋ
Ø-lowáŋ
lowáŋ-3SgPat
sing-3SG.PAT
'he/she/it sings'

# 61/U Intransitive w/Patientive & Agentive pronomials
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: c
malowáŋ
ma-Ø-lowáŋ
lowáŋ-3SgAgt-1SgPat
sing-3SG.AGT-1SG.PAT
'he/she/it sings me'

# 62/U Intransitive w/ overt patient and agent
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: c
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ lowáŋ
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ lowáŋ
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ lowáŋ
dog DEF cat DEF sing
'The dog sings the cat'

# 63/G Sentential negation/enclitic order
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: tam
igmú kiŋ sápa kte
igmú kiŋ sápA ktA
igmú kiŋ sápA ktA
cat DEF be_black IRR
'The cat might/will be black'

# 64/G Sentential negation/enclitic order
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: neg,tam
igmú kiŋ sápa séče
igmú kiŋ sápA séčA
igmú kiŋ sápA séčA
cat DEF be_black POT
'The cat is probably black'

### negation

# 65/G stative negative
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: c,neg
káŋ šni
Ø-káŋ šni
káŋ-3SgPat šni
be_old-3SG.PAT NEG
'it is not old'

# 66/G Intransitive negation
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: c,neg
lowáŋ šni
Ø-lowáŋ šni
lowáŋ-3SgAgt šni
sing-3SG.AGT NEG
'he/she/it does not sing'

# 67/G Sentential negation
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: neg
igmú kiŋ sápa šni
igmú kiŋ sápA šni
igmú kiŋ sápA šni
cat DEF be_black NEG
'The cat is not black.'

# 68/U Sentential negation/enclitic order
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: neg
igmú kiŋ šni sápa
igmú kiŋ šni sápA
igmú kiŋ šni sápA
cat DEF NEG be_black
'The cat is not black'

# 69/U Sentential negation/enclitic order
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: neg
igmú šni kiŋ sápa
igmú šni kiŋ sápA
igmú šni kiŋ sápA
cat NEG DEF be_black
'The cat is not black'

# 70/G Sentential negation/enclitic order
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: neg,tam
igmú kiŋ sápa kta šni
igmú kiŋ sápA ktA šni
igmú kiŋ sápA ktA šni
cat DEF be_black IRR NEG
'The cat might/will not be black'

# 71/U Sentential negation/enclitic order
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: neg,tam
igmú kiŋ sápa šni kte
igmú kiŋ sápA šni ktA
igmú kiŋ sápA šni ktA
cat DEF be_black NEG IRR
'The cat might/will not be black'

# 72/G Sentential negation/enclitic order
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: neg,tam
igmú kiŋ sápa kta šni séče
igmú kiŋ sápA ktA šni séčA
igmú kiŋ sápA ktA šni séčA
cat DEF be_black IRR NEG POSSBL
'The cat probably won't be black'

# 73/U Sentential negation/enclitic order
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: tam
igmú kiŋ sápa kta séča šni
igmú kiŋ sápA ktA séčA šni
igmú kiŋ sápA ktA séčA šni
cat DEF be_black IRR POSSBL NEG
'The cat probably won't be black'

# 74/U Sentential negation/enclitic order
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: tam
igmú kiŋ sápa séča kta šni
igmú kiŋ sápA séčA ktA šni
igmú kiŋ sápA séčA ktA šni
cat DEF be_black POSSBL IRR NEG
'The cat probably won't be black'

# 75/G Sentential negation/enclitic order
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: neg,tam
igmú kiŋ sápa šni séče
igmú kiŋ sápA šni séčA
igmú kiŋ sápA šni séčA
cat DEF be_black NEG POSSBL
'The cat is probably not black'

# 76/U Sentential negation/enclitic order
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: tam
igmú kiŋ sápa séča šni
igmú kiŋ sápA séčA šni
igmú kiŋ sápA séčA šni
cat DEF be_black POSSBL NEG
'The cat is probably not black'

# 77/G Sentential negation
Source: a:157
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: neg
tuwé kiŋ waŋbláke šni
tuwé kiŋ waŋ-bl-yáŋkA šni
tuwé kiŋ waŋyáŋkA-1SgAgt šni
be_who DEF see-1SgAgt NEG
'I did not see who it was'

# 78/G Sentential negatio
Source: a:157
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: neg
tuwéni waŋbláke šni
tuwéni waŋ-bl-yáŋkA šni
tuwéni waŋyáŋkA-1SgAgt šni
be_who.NEG see-1SgtAgt NEG
'I did not see anyone'

### demonstratives ###

# 79/G Demonstrative (that [yonder])
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: adj
ká igmú kiŋ wakhúwa
ká igmú kiŋ wa-khúwa
ká igmú kiŋ khuwá-1SgAgt
DEM cat DEF chase-1SG.AGT
'I chase that (yonder) cat'

# 80/G Demonstrative (that)
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: adj
hé igmú kiŋ wakhúwa
hé igmú kiŋ wa-khúwa
hé igmú kiŋ khuwá-1SgAgt
DEM cat DEF chase-1SG.AGT
'I chase that cat'

# 81/G Demonstrative (this)
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: adj.
lé igmú kiŋ wakhúwa
lé igmú kiŋ wa-khúwa
lé igmú kiŋ khuwá-1SgAgt
DEM cat DEF chase-1SG.AGT
'I chase this cat'

# 82/U Demonstrative order
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: adj
igmú hé kiŋ wakhúwa
igmú hé kiŋ wa-khúwa
igmú hé kiŋ khuwá-1SgAgt
cat DEM DEF chase-1SG.AGT
'I chase that cat'

# 83/G Demonstrative order
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: adj
igmú kiŋ hé wakhúwa
igmú kiŋ hé wa-khúwa
igmú kiŋ hé khuwá-1SgAgt
cat DEF DEM chase-1SG.AGT
'I chase that cat'

# 84/U Demonstrative order / article dropping
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: adj
hé igmú wakhúwa
hé igmú wa-khúwa
hé igmú khuwá-1SgAgt
DEM cat chase-1SG.AGT
'I chase that cat'

# 85/G Demonstrative order / article dropping
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: adj
igmú hé wakhúwa
igmú hé wa-khúwa
igmú hé khuwá-1SgAgt
cat DEM chase-1SG.AGT
'I chase that cat'

##### plain verbs ######

# 86/G plain verb w/inanimate subj
Source: b:760
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: agr
mní kiŋ šmé
mní kiŋ šmÁ
mní kiŋ šmÁ
water DEF be_deep
'the water is deep'

# 87/U plain verb w/animate subj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
šúŋka kiŋ šmé
šúŋka kiŋ šmÁ
šúŋka kiŋ šmÁ
dog DEF be_deep
'the dog is deep'

# 88/U plain verb w/transitive args
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: wo
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ šmé
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ šmÁ
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ šmÁ
dog DEF cat DEF be_deep
'the dog deeps the cat'

# 89/U plain verb with pronomial affix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
mašmé
ma-šmÁ
šmÁ-1SgPat
be_deep-1SG.PAT
'I am deep'

##### impersonal verbs ######

# 90/G impersonal
Source: b:760
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: wo
maǧážu
maǧážu
maǧážu
be_raining
'It is raining'

# 91/U impersonal with NP subj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: wo
igmú kiŋ maǧážu
igmú kiŋ maǧážu
igmú kiŋ maǧážu
cat DEF be_raining
'The cat is raining'

#### continuative aspect ####

# 92/G continuative
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: tam
igmú kiŋ makhuwá-hiŋ
igmú kiŋ ma-khuwá-hAŋ
igmú kiŋ khuwá-1SgPat-Cont
cat DEF chase-1SG.PAT-CONT
'The cat keeps chasing me'

# 93/U continuative incorrect order
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: tam
igmú kiŋ mahaŋkhuwá
igmú kiŋ ma-hA-ŋ-khuwá
igmú kiŋ khuwá-Cont-1SgPat
cat DEF chase-CONT-1SG.PAT
'The cat keeps chasing me'

#### argument optionality ####

# 94/U transitive with overt subject, object and agt pronoun
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pro-d
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ khuwá
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ Ø-khuwá
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ khuwá-3SgAgt
dog DEF cat DEF chase-3SG.AGT
'The dog (it) chases the cat'

# 95/U transitive with overt subject, object with pat pronoun
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pro-d
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ khuwá
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ Ø-khuwá
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ khuwá-3SgPat
dog DEF cat DEF chase-3SG.PAT
'The dog chases the cat'

# 96/U transitive with overt subject, object with agt, pat pronoun
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pro-d
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ khuwá
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ Ø-Ø-khuwá
šúŋka kiŋ igmú kiŋ khuwá-3SgPat-3SgAgt
dog DEF cat DEF chase-3SG.PAT-3SG.AGT
'The dog chases the cat'

# 97/U transitive with overt subject/object with agt, pat pronoun
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pro-d
igmú kiŋ khuwá
igmú kiŋ Ø-Ø-khuwá
igmú kiŋ khuwá-3SgPat-3SgAgt
cat DEF chase-3SG.PAT-3SG.AGT
'It chases the cat'

# 98/U intransitive active with overt subject and agt pronoun
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pro-d
igmú kiŋ lowáŋ
igmú kiŋ Ø-lowáŋ
igmú kiŋ lowáŋ-3SgAgt
cat DEF sing-3SG.AGT
'the cat sings'

# 99/U intransitive active with overt subject and pat pronoun
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pro-d
igmú kiŋ lowáŋ
igmú kiŋ Ø-lowáŋ
igmú kiŋ lowáŋ-3SgPat
cat DEF sing-3SG.PAT
'the cat sings'

# 100/U intransitive stative with overt subject and agt pronoun
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pro-d
igmú kiŋ káŋ
igmú kiŋ Ø-káŋ
igmú kiŋ káŋ-3SgAgt
cat DEF be_old-3SG.AGT
'the cat is old'

# 101/U intransitive stative with overt subject and pat pronoun
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pro-d
igmú kiŋ káŋ
igmú kiŋ Ø-káŋ
igmú kiŋ káŋ-3SgPat
cat DEF be_old-3SG.PAT
'the cat is old it'

# 102/U plain verb with pronomial affix and overt subject
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pro-d
igmú kiŋ šmé
igmú kiŋ Ø-šmÁ
igmú kiŋ šmÁ-3SgPat
cat DEF be_deep-3SG.PAT
'The cat it is deep'

# 103/U plain verb with agent affix and overt subject
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pro-d
igmú kiŋ šmé
igmú kiŋ Ø-šmÁ
igmú kiŋ šmÁ-3SgAgt
cat DEF be_deep-3SG.AGT
'It is deep the cat'

# 104/U plain verb with agent & patientive affix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pro-d
šmé
Ø-Ø-šmÁ
šmÁ-3SgAgt-3SgPat
be_deep-3SG.AGT-3SG.PAT
'It is deep it'

# 105/U plain verb with patientive & agent affix
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pro-d
šmé
Ø-Ø-šmÁ
šmÁ-3SgPat-3SgAgt
be_deep-3SG.PAT-3SG.AGT
'It is deep it'

#### coordination ####

# 106/G NP coordination
Source: b:374
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: crd
mniȟúha sápiŋ na šá na zí na ská, lená tób úŋpi.
mniȟúha sápA na šá na zí na ská, lená tób úŋ-pi.
mniȟúha sápA na šá na zí na ská, lená tób úŋ-3PlAgt.
cloth black CONJ red CONJ yellow CONJ white these four use-3PL.AGT
'they use cloth of four colors, black, red, yellow and white'

# 107/G sentence coordination
Source: b:374
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: crd
íblotakiŋ na wawáte
í-bl-yotakA na wa-wótA
íyotakA-1SgAgt na wótA-1SgAgt
sit_down-1SG.AGT CONJ eat-1SG.AGT
'I sat down and ate'


# 108/U Monosyndeton coordination
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: crd
mniȟúha sápiŋ, šá, zí na ská, lená tób úŋpi.
mniȟúha sápA, šá, zí na ská, lená tób úŋ-pi.
mniȟúha sápA, šá, zí na ská, lená tób úŋ-3PlAgt.
cloth black, red, yellow CONJ white these four use-3PL.AGT
'they use cloth of four colors, black, red, yellow and white'

# 109/U Omnisyndeton coordination
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: crd
mniȟúha na sápiŋ na šá na zí na ská, lená tób úŋpi.
mniȟúha na sápA na šá na zí na ská, lená tób úŋ-pi.
mniȟúha na sápA na šá na zí na ská, lená tób úŋ-3PlAgt.
cloth CONJ black CONJ red CONJ yellow CONJ white these four use-3PL.AGT
'they use cloth of four colors, black, red, yellow and white'

# 110/U Asyndeton coordination
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: crd
mniȟúha sápiŋ šá zí ská, lená tób úŋpi.
mniȟúha sápA šá zí ská, lená tób úŋ-pi.
mniȟúha sápA šá zí ská, lená tób úŋ-3PlAgt.
cloth black red yellow white these four use-3PL.AGT
'they use cloth of four colors, black, red, yellow white'

# 111/U word after coordinand
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: crd
mniȟúha sápiŋ šá na zí na ská na, lená tób úŋpi.
mniȟúha sápA šá na zí na ská na, lená tób úŋ-pi.
mniȟúha sápA šá na zí na ská na, lená tób úŋ-3PlAgt.
cloth black red CONJ yellow CONJ white CONJ these four use-3PL.AGT
'they use cloth of four colors, black, red, yellow and white'

# 112/U Omnisyndeton, word after coordinand
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: crd
mniȟúha sápiŋ na šá na zí na ská na, lená tób úŋpi.
mniȟúha sápA na šá na zí na ská na, lená tób úŋ-pi.
mniȟúha sápA na šá na zí na ská na, lená tób úŋ-3PlAgt.
cloth black CONJ red CONJ yellow CONJ white CONJ these four use-3PL.AGT
'they use cloth of four colors, black, red, yellow and white'

##### matrix yes/no questions #########

# 113/G matrix yes/no question
Source: b:151
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: q,tam
yaú kta he?
ya-ú ktA he
ú-2SgAgt ktA he
come-2SG.AGT IRR Q
'will you come?'

# 114/G matrix yes no + neg
Source: b:151
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: q,tam,neg
waŋláke šni he?
waŋ-Ø-l-yáŋkA šni he?
waŋyáŋkA-3SgPat-1SgAgt šni he?
see-3SG.PAT-1SG.AGT NEG Q?
'did you not see him?'

# 115/U matrix yes/no, not sentence-final
Source: author
Vetted: n
Judgment: u
Phenomena: q
yaú he kta?
ya-ú he ktA
ú-2SgAgt he ktA
come-2SG.AGT Q IRR
'will you come?'

# 116/U matrix yes no + neg, not sentence final (Q must outscope IRR)
Source: author
Vetted: n
Judgment: u
Phenomena: q
waŋláke šni he?
waŋ-Ø-l-yáŋkA he šni?
waŋyáŋkA-3SgPat-1SgAgt he šni
see-3SG.PAT-1SG.AGT Q NEG
'did you not see him?'

# 117/U matrix yes/no, sentence-initial
Source: author
Vetted: n
Judgment: u
Phenomena: q
he yaú kta?
he ya-ú ktA
he ú-2SgAgt ktA
Q come-2SG.AGT IRR
'will you come?'

###### attributive adjectives (actually statives) #######

# 118/G
Source: b:626
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: adj
wóyute wašté   uŋyútapi
wóyute wašté   uŋ-yútA-pi
wóyute wašté   yútA-1PlAgt
food   be_good eat-1PL.AGT
'We ate good food.'

# 119/U attributive preceding N
Source: author
Vetted: n
Judgment: u
Phenomena: adj
wašté wóyute uŋyútapi
wašté wóyute uŋ-yútA-pi
wašté wóyute yútA-1PlAgt
good food eat-1PL.AGT
'We ate good food.'

# 120/U attributive sentence-final
Source: author
Vetted: n
Judgment: u
Phenomena: adj
wóyute uŋyútapi wašté
wóyute uŋ-yútA-pi wašté
wóyute yútA-1PlAgt wašté
food eat-1PL.AGT good
'We ate good food.'

# 121/G adj with det
Source: b:497
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: adj
mniȟúha ská waŋ opȟéwatȟuŋ
mniȟúha ská waŋ opȟé-wa-tȟuŋ
mniȟúha ská waŋ opȟétȟuŋ-1PlAgt
cloth be_white IDF buy-1PL.AGT
'we bought some white cloth'

# 122/G adj with cha
Source: author
Vetted: n
Judgment: g
Phenomena: adj
mniȟúha waŋ ská čha opȟéwatȟuŋ
mniȟúha waŋ ská čha opȟé-wa-tȟuŋ
mniȟúha waŋ ská čha opȟétȟuŋ-1PlAgt
cloth be_white IDF C buy-1PL.AGT
'we bought some white cloth'

# 123/G adj without cha
Source: author
Vetted: n
Judgment: g
Phenomena: adj
mniȟúha waŋ ská opȟéwatȟuŋ
mniȟúha waŋ ská opȟé-wa-tȟuŋ
mniȟúha waŋ ská opȟétȟuŋ-1PlAgt
cloth be_white IDF buy-1PL.AGT
'we bought some white cloth'

###### adverbs #######

# 124/G simple manner adverb
Source: b:186
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: adv
ȟ'aŋhíya yápi
ȟ'aŋhíya yÁ-pi
ȟ'aŋhíya yÁ-3PlAgt
slowly  go_there-3PL.AGT
'they went slowly'

# 125/G manner adverb with NP
Source: b:523
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: adv
huhú kiŋ taŋyéla yasmi
huhú kiŋ taŋyéla yasmi
huhú kiŋ taŋyéla yasmi-3SgAgt
bone DEF well gnaw_clean-3SG.AGT
'he gnawed the bones clean'

# 126/G manner adverb with NP
Source: b:523
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: adv
taŋyéla huhú kiŋ yasmi
taŋyéla huhú kiŋ yasmi
taŋyéla huhú kiŋ yasmi-3SgAgt
well bone DEF gnaw_clean-3SG.AGT
'he gnawed the bones clean'

# 127/G adverb modifying NP
Source: b:822
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: adv
wakhéya waŋ skayéla églepi
wakhéya waŋ skayéla égle-pi
wakhéya waŋ skayéla égle-3PlAgt.
tent    IDF whitely put_up_vertical-3PL.AGT
'they put up a white tent'


##### embedded clauses ######

# 128/G embedded statement
Source: author, after c:71
Vetted: n
Judgment: g
Phenomena: emb-d
šuŋka kiŋ  aǧúyapi kiŋ yúte kiŋ slolwáye
šuŋka kiŋ  aǧúyapi kiŋ yútA kiŋ slol-wa-y´A
šuŋka kiŋ  aǧúyapi kiŋ yútA kiŋ slolyÁ-1SgAgt
dog DEF bread DEF eat DEF know-1SG.AGT
'I know that the dog ate the bread'

# 129/G embedded statement, complement
Source: b:75
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: emb-d
líla tȟáŋka čha abléze
líla Ø-tȟáŋka čha Ø-ablézA
líla tȟáŋka-3SgPat čha ablézA-3SgAgt
very be_large-3SG.PAT C notice-3SG.AGT
'he noticed that it was very large'

# 130/G embedded statement, conjunction
Source: author, after c:71
Vetted: n
Judgment: g
Phenomena: emb-d
šuŋka kiŋ  aǧúyapi kiŋ yúte čha  slolwáye
šuŋka kiŋ  aǧúyapi kiŋ yútA čha  slol-wa-yÁ
šuŋka kiŋ  aǧúyapi kiŋ yútA čha slolyÁ-1SgAgt
dog DEF bread DEF eat CONJ know-1SG.AGT
'I know that the dog ate the bread (The dog ate the bread, and so I know it).'

# 131/G embedded statement, čha as relativizer
Source: b:813
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: emb-d
wičíŋčala waŋ oȟ'áŋwašte čha slolwáye
wičíŋčala waŋ oȟ'áŋwašte čha slol-wa-yÁ
wičíŋčala waŋ oȟ'áŋwašte čha slolyÁ-1SgAgt
girl IDF be_kind REL know-1SG.AGT
'I know a girl who is kind'

# 132/G embedded statement, čha as complementizer
Source: b:813
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: emb-d
wičíŋčala kiŋ oȟ'áŋwašte čha slolwáye
wičíŋčala kiŋ oȟ'áŋwašte čha slol-wa-yÁ
wičíŋčala kiŋ oȟ'áŋwašte čha slolyÁ-1SgAgt
girl DEF be_kind C know-1SG.AGT
'I know that the girl is kind'

# 133/U čha as complementizer with negative
# this is ungrammatical because čha implies fact
Source: author, after b:813
Vetted: n
Judgment: u
Phenomena: emb-d
wičíŋčala kiŋ oȟ'áŋwašte čha slolwáye šni
wičíŋčala kiŋ oȟ'áŋwašte čha slol-wa-yÁ šni
wičíŋčala kiŋ oȟ'áŋwašte čha slolyÁ-1SgAgt NEG
girl DEF be_kind C know-1SG.AGT NEG
'I don't know that the girl is kind'

# 134/U čha as complementizer with non-complementable verb
Source: author
Vetted: n
Judgment: u
Phenomena: emb-d
wičíŋčala kiŋ oȟ'áŋwašte čha iiwáputȟake
wičíŋčala kiŋ oȟ'áŋwašte čha íi-wa-putȟakA
wičíŋčala kiŋ oȟ'áŋwašte čha íiputȟakA-1SgAgt
girl DEF be_kind C kiss-1SG.AGT
'I kissed that the girl is kind'

# 135/U čha as complementizer with verb initial
Source: author
Vetted: u
Judgment: n
Phenomena: emb-d
slolwáye wičíŋčala kiŋ oȟ'áŋwašte čha
slol-wa-yÁ wičíŋčala kiŋ oȟ'áŋwašte čha
slolyÁ-1SgAgt wičíŋčala kiŋ oȟ'áŋwašte čha
know-1SG.AGT girl DEF be_kind C
'I know that the girl is kind'

# 136/U embedded statement, čha as complementizer, postverbal
Source: author
Vetted: u
Judgment: n
Phenomena: emb-d
wičíŋčala kiŋ oȟ'áŋwašte slolwáye čha
wičíŋčala kiŋ oȟ'áŋwašte slol-wa-yÁ čha
wičíŋčala kiŋ oȟ'áŋwašte slolyÁ-1SgAgt čha
girl DEF be_kind know-1SG.AGT C
'I know that the girl is kind'

# 137/G embedded question
Source: b:814
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: emb-q
héčhamuŋ héči imáyuŋǧe
héčhamuŋ héči i-má-Ø-yuŋǧe
héčhuŋ-3SgPat-1SgAgt héči iyúŋǧA-1SgPat-3SgAgt
do_something-3SG.PAT-1SG.AGT whether ask-1SG.PAT-3SG.AGT
'he asked me if I did it'

# 138/U embedded question, čha
Source: author
Vetted: n
Judgment: u
Phenomena: emb-q
héčhamuŋ čha imáyuŋǧe
héčhamuŋ čha i-má-Ø-yuŋǧe
héčhuŋ-3SgPat-1SgAgt čha iyúŋǧA-1SgPat-3SgAgt
do_something-3SG.PAT-1SG.AGT C ask-1SG.PAT-3SG.AGT
'he asked me if I did it'

###### information structure ######

# 139/G topic
Source: b:330
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: info,det
hokšíla kiŋ he hí
hokšíla kiŋ he hí
hokšíla kiŋ he hí
boy DEF.TOP that come_here
'that boy came'

# 140/G topic contrast
Source: b:330
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: info,det
hokšíla k'uŋ he hí
hokšíla k'uŋ he hí
hokšíla k'uŋ he hí
boy DEF.TOP.CONTR that come_here
'that aforementioned boy came'
