Language: North Frisian
Language code: frr
Lines: orth orth-seg gloss translat
Author: Nigel Kilmer and Woodley Packard
Date: April 9, 2013
Source a: Dissertation: Lasswell 1998

############################################################
# Word Order Examples
############################################################

# Word Order Example 1
# S V1 DO V2 IO
Source: a:233
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: word order
ik haa  di  breev  dön       tö di  dreeng
ik haa  di  breev  dö-t      tö di  dreeng
I  have the letter give-PST.PTCP to the boy
I gave the letter to the boy

# Word Order Example 2
# V1 S DO V2 IO
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: word order
haa  ik di  breev  dön       tö di  dreeng
haa  ik di  breev  dö-t      tö di  dreeng
have I  the letter give-PST.PTCP to the boy
I gave the letter to the boy

# Word Order Example 3: a question
# V1 adv V2
Source: a:231
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: word order
heest    gur slöpen
haa-st   gur sliip-t
have-2SG good sleep-PST.PTCP
did you sleep well?

# Word Order Example 4
# obl V1 subj obj V2
Source: a:238
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: word order
bi höm her          ik mal  fuul liirt
bi höm haa-t        ik mal  fuul liir-t
by him have-1SG.PST I  very much learn-PST.PTCP
I really learned a lot from him.

# Word Order Example 5
# subj V1 obj V2
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: word order
di soldaaten   her           fuul liirt
di soldaat-en  haa-t         fuul liir-t
the soldier-PL have-1SG.PST  much learn-PST.PTCP
the soldiers learned a lot.

# Word Order Example 6
# subj obj V1 V2
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: word order
di soldaaten    full her          liirt
di soldaat-en   full haa-t        liir-t
the soldier-PL  much have-1SG.PST learn-PST.PTCP
the soldiers learned a lot.

# Word Order Example 7
# subj obj V2 V1
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: word order
di soldaaten full liirt  her
di soldaat-en full liir-t haa-t
the soldier-PL  much learn-PST.PTCP have-1SG.PST
the soldiers learned a lot.

# Word Order Example 8
# subj V1 obj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: word order
di  soldaaten  liir fuul
di  soldaat-en liir fuul
the soldier-PL learn  much
the soldiers learn a lot.

# Word Order Example 9
# subj obj V1
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: word order
di  soldaaten   fuul liir
di  soldaat-en  fuul liir
the soldier-PL  much learn
the soldiers learn a lot.

# Word Order Example 10
# obj subj V1
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: word order
fuul di soldaaten liir
fuul di soldaat-en liir
much the soldier-PL learn
the soldiers learn a lot.

############################################################
# Pronoun Examples
############################################################

# Prounoun Example 1
# 1st-person singular subjective
# Original from a:245 "jaa, iit ik fuul" "yes, I eat (it) a lot"
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
ik iit höm
ik iit höm
I  eat it.OBJ
I eat it

# Prounoun Example 2
# 1st-person dual subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
wat   iit höm
wat   iit höm
we.DU eat it.OBJ
we eat it

# Prounoun Example 3
# 1st-person plural subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
wü    iit höm
wü    iit höm
we.PL eat it.OBJ
we eat it

# Prounoun Example 4
# 2nd-person singular subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
dü     iitst   höm
dü     iit-st  höm
you.SG eat-2SG it.OBJ
you eat it

# Prounoun Example 5
# 2nd-person dual subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
at     iit höm
at     iit höm
you.DU eat it.OBJ
you eat it

# Prounoun Example 6
# 2nd-person plural subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
i      iit höm
i      iit höm
you.PL eat it.OBJ
you eat it

# Prounoun Example 7
# 3rd-person singular masculine subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hi iit     höm
hi iit-t   höm
he eat-3SG it.OBJ
he eats it

# Prounoun Example 8
# 3rd-person singular feminine subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
jü  iit     höm
jü  iit-t   höm
she eat-3SG it.OBJ
she eats it

# Prounoun Example 9
# 3rd-person singular neuter subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat iit     höm
hat iit-t   höm
it  eat-3SG it.OBJ
it eats it

# Prounoun Example 10
# 3rd-person dual subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
jat     iit höm
jat     iit höm
they.DU eat it.OBJ
they eat it

# Prounoun Example 11
# 3rd-person plural subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
ja      iit höm
ja      iit höm
they.PL eat it.OBJ
they eat it

# Prounoun Example 12
# 1st-person singular objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat iit     mi
hat iit-t   mi
it  eat-3SG me
it eats me

# Prounoun Example 13
# 1st-person dual objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat iit     unk
hat iit-t   unk
it  eat-3SG us.DU
it eats us

# Prounoun Example 14
# 1st-person plural objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat iit     üüs
hat iit-t   üüs
it  eat-3SG us.PL
it eats us

# Prounoun Example 15
# 2nd-person singular objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat iit     di
hat iit-t   di
it  eat-3SG you.SG
it eats you

# Prounoun Example 16
# 2nd-person dual objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat iit     junk
hat iit-t   junk
it  eat-3SG you.DU
it eats you

# Prounoun Example 17
# 2nd-person plural objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat iit     juu
hat iit-t   juu
it  eat-3SG you.PL
it eats you

# Prounoun Example 18
# 3rd-person singular masculine objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat iit     höm
hat iit-t   höm
it  eat-3SG him
it eats him

# Prounoun Example 19
# 3rd-person singular feminine objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat iit     höör
hat iit-t   höör
it  eat-3SG her
it eats her

# Prounoun Example 20
# 3rd-person singular neuter objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat iit     höm
hat iit-t   höm
it  eat-3SG it
it eats it

# Prounoun Example 21
# 3rd-person dual/plural objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat iit     jam
hat iit-t   jam
it  eat-3SG them
it eats them

############################################################
# Case Examples
############################################################


# sliip (1SG), sleept (3SG)	 = sleep
# skiar (1SG), skiart (3SG)	 = cut
# dö (1SG), dēr (3SG)            = do or give

# Case Example 1
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: case
ik sliip
ik sliip
I sleep
I sleep

# Case Example 2
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
mi sliip
mi sliip
me sleep
I sleep

# Case Example 3
# subj V1 subj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
ik skiar hat
ik skiar hat
I cut it.SUBJ
I cut it

# Case Example 4
# subj V1 obj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: case
ik skiar höm
ik skiar höm
I cut it.OBJ
I cut it

# Case Example 5
# obj V1 subj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
mi skiar hat
mi skiar hat
me cut it.SUBJ
I cut it

# Case Example 6
# obj V1 obj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
mi skiar höm
mi skiar höm
me cut it.OBJ
I cut it


# Case Example 7
# subj V1 subj subj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
ik dö dü hat
ik dö dü hat
I give you it
I give you it

# Case Example 8
# subj V1 subj obj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
ik dö dü höm
ik dö dü höm
I give you it.OBJ
I give you it

# Case Example 9
# subj V1 obj subj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
ik dö di hat
ik dö di hat
I give you.OBJ it
I give you it

# Case Example 10
# subj V1 obj obj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: case
ik dö di höm
ik dö di höm
I give you.OBJ it.OBJ
I give you it


# Case Example 11
# obj V1 subj subj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
mi dö dü hat
mi dö dü hat
me give you it
I give you it

# Case Example 12
# subj V1 subj obj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
mi dö dü höm
mi dö dü höm
me give you it.OBJ
I give you it

# Case Example 13
# subj V1 obj subj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
mi dö di hat
mi dö di hat
me give you.OBJ it
I give you it

# Case Example 14
# subj V1 obj obj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
mi dö di höm
mi dö di höm
me give you.OBJ it.OBJ
I give you it


############################################################
# NP Examples
############################################################

# NP Example 1
# Bare singular count noun
# Original from a:255 "luki jens üt wining wat jir luas es" "look out the window at what's going on"
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: determiners
luki üt  wining
luki üt  wining
look out window
look out the window

# NP Example 2
# Bare mass noun
Source: a:256
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: determiners
ja  luki hat jaav ja  lön  wat  öner  weeter ging
ja  luki hat jaav ja  lön  wat  öner  weeter ging
yes look it  gave yes land what under water  went
yes, well there was land that had gone under

# NP Example 3
# Bare plural nouns
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: determiners
diar  laap hingster en  fölken ön di  guart
diar  laap hingst-en en  fölk-en ön di  guart
there run  horse-PL   and foal-PL  in the garden
there are horses and foals running around the yard

# NP Example 4
# Plural nouns with determiners
Source: a:256
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: determiners
diar  laap di  hingster en  di  fölken ön di  guart
diar  laap di  hingst-en en  di  fölk-en ön di  guart
there run  the horse-PL   and the foal-PL  in the garden
there are horses and foals running around the yard

# NP Example 5
# Pronoun with determiner (ungrammatical)
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
ik skiar di  höm
ik skiar di  höm
I  cut   the it.OBJ
I cut it


###############################
#  Negation Examples
###############################

Source: a:280
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: negation
hüner, diar böli, bit ek
hün-en diar böli  bit ek
dog-PL that bark  bite not
dogs that bark don't bite

# negation with an intransitive verb
Source: a:283
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: negation
ja kum miaren ek
ja kum miaren ek
they come tomorrow not
they're not coming tomorrow

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: negation
di hün sleept ek
di hün sliip-t ek
the dog sleep-3SG not
the dog doesn't sleep

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: negation
di hün ek sleept
di hün ek sliip-t
the dog not sleep-3SG
the dog doesn't sleep

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: negation
ek di hün sleept
ek di hün sliip-t
not the dog sleep-3SG
the dog doesn't sleep

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: negation
ek sleept di hün
ek sliip-t di hün
not sleep-3SG the dog
the dog doesn't sleep

# negation with a transitive verb
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: negation
di hün bet di soldaat ek
di hün bit-t di soldaat ek
the dog bite-3SG the soldier not
the dog doesn't bite the soldier

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: negation
di hün bet ek di soldaat
di hün bit-t ek di soldaat
the dog bite-3SG not the soldier
the dog doesn't bite the soldier

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: negation
di hün ek bet di soldaat
di hün ek bit-t di soldaat
the dog not bite-3SG the soldier
the dog doesn't bite the soldier

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: negation
ek di hün bet di soldaat
ek di hün bit-t di soldaat
not the dog bite-3SG the soldier
the dog doesn't bite the soldier

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: negation
ek bet di hün di soldaat
ek bit-t di hün di soldaat
not bite-3SG the dog the soldier
the dog doesn't bite the soldier


########################################
# Definiteness/demonstratives
########################################

# definiteness
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
di soldaat sleept
di soldaat sliip-t
the soldier sleep-3SG
the soldier sleeps

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
dit soldaat sleept
dit soldaat sliip-t
the soldier sleep-3SG
the soldier sleeps

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
dit heest sleept
dit heest sliip-t
the train sleep-3SG
the train sleeps

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
di heest sleept
di heest sliip-t
the train sleep-3SG
the train sleeps

Source: a:258
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: cogst
ja löp bi strön
ja laap-PRET bi strön
they walk-PRET by beach
they were walking by the beach

Source: a:261
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: cogst
diar laap di hingster bi üüs ön guart
diar laap di hingst-en bi üüs ön guart
there run the horse-PL by us in yard
there are horses running around in the yard

Source: a:261
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: cogst
diar laap di hingster en di fölken ön di guart
diar laap di hingst-en en di fölk-en ön di guart
there run the horse-PL and the foal-PL in the yard
there are horses and foals running around in the yard

#demonstratives (table on page 254-255, examples on page 144
Source: a:144
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: cogst
det bigent me didiar liti.motorräder
det bigen-t me didiar liti.motorräd-en
that begin-3SG with the.there little.motorcycle-PL
it begins with those little motorcycles

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
didiar soldaat sleept
didiar soldaat sliip-t
the.there soldier sleep-3SG
that soldier sleeps

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
ditdiar soldaat sleept
ditdiar soldaat sliip-t
the.there soldier sleep-3SG
that soldier sleeps

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
dijir soldaat sleept
dijir soldaat sliip-t
the.here soldier sleep-3SG
this soldier sleeps

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
ditjir soldaat sleept
ditjir soldaat sliip-t
the.here soldier sleep-3SG
this soldier sleeps

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
des soldaat sleept
des soldaat sliip-t
this/that soldier sleep-3SG
this/that soldier sleeps

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
det soldaat sleept
det soldaat sliip-t
this/that soldier sleep-3SG
this/that soldier sleeps

############################################################
# Argument Optionality
############################################################

Source: a:231
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pro-d
heest gur slöpen
haa-st gur sliip-t
have-2SG good sleep-PST.PTCP
did you sleep well?

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pro-d
heest dü gur slöpen
haa-st dü gur sliip-t
have-2SG you good sleep-PST.PTCP
did you sleep well?

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pro-d
haa i gur slöpen
haa i gur sliip-t
have you.PL good sleep-PST.PTCP
did you sleep well?

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pro-d
haa gur slöpen
haa gur sliip-t
have.2PL good sleep-PST.PTCP
did you sleep well?

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pro-d
ik haa gur slöpen
ik haa gur sliip-t
I have good sleep-PST.PTCP
I slept well

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pro-d
haa gur slöpen
haa gur sliip-t
have.1SG good sleep-PST.PTCP
I slept well

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pro-d
hat heer gur slöpen
hat haa-t gur sliip-t
it have-3SG good sleep-PST.PTCP
it slept well

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pro-d
heer gur slöpen
haa-t gur sliip-t
have-3SG good sleep-PST.PTCP
it slept well

# Based on (19) from a:236
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pro-d, neg}
jil fairst dü ek
jil fo-st dü ek
money get.PRES-2SG you.SG not
you're not getting any money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pro-d, neg}
jil fairst ek
jil fo-st ek
money get.PRES-2SG not
you're not getting any money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pro-d, neg}
jil fo ik ek
jil fo ik ek
money get.PRES I not
I'm not getting any money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {pro-d, neg}
jil fo ek
jil fo ek
money get.PRES not
I'm not getting any money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {pro-d, neg}
dü fairst ek
dü fo-st ek
you.SG get.PRES-2SG not
you're not getting (any money)

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pro-d, neg}
ik fo di ek
ik fo di ek
I get.PRES you.SG not
I'm not getting you

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {pro-d, neg}
ik fo ek
ik fo ek
I get.PRES not
I'm not getting (you)

############################################################
# Agreement
############################################################

# For examples of determiner agreement, see the earlier section on definiteness/demonstratives.

# Examples with proper agreement with pronouns.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: agr
ik fo jil
ik fo jil
I get.PRES.1SG money
I'm getting money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: agr
wü fo jil
wü fo jil
we get.PRES.1PL money
we're getting money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: agr
dü fairst jil
dü fo-st jil
you.SG get.PRES-2SG money
you're getting money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: agr
i fo jil
i fo jil
you.PL get.PRES.2PL money
you're getting money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: agr
hat fair jil
hat fo-t jil
it get.PRES-3SG money
it's getting money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: agr
ja fo jil
ja fo jil
they get.PRES.3PL money
they're getting money

# Ungrammatical examples of verbs that don't agree with pronoun subjects.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
ik fairst jil
ik fo-st jil
I get.PRES-2SG money
I'm getting money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
wü fairst jil
wü fo-st jil
we get.PRES-2SG money
we're getting money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
dü fo jil
dü fo jil
you.SG get.PRES.1SG money
you're getting money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
i fairst jil
i fo-st jil
you.PL get.PRES-2SG money
you're getting money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
hat fo jil
hat fo jil
it get.PRES.1SG money
it's getting money

# comment this out, since the mis-agreed present fo-t seems to be the same form as the past tense fo-t, which does in fact agree
#Source: author
#Vetted: f
#Judgment: u
#Phenomena: agr
#ja fair jil
#ja fo-t jil
#they get.PRES-3SG money
#they're getting money

# Ungrammatical example in which verb agrees with object instead of subject.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
ik fairst di
ik fo-st di
I get.PRES-2SG you.SG.OBJ
I'm getting you

############################################################
# Tense / Aspect
############################################################

# Present tense

Source: a:152
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: tam
ik snaki
ik snaki
I speak
I speak

# Preterite tense

Source: a:153
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: tam
ik snaket
ik snaki-t
I speak-PAST
I spoke

# Perfect aspect

Source: a:154
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: tam
ik haa snaket
ik haa snaki-t
I have speak-PST.PTCP
I have spoken

# Pluperfect aspect

Source: a:154
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: tam
ik her snaket
ik haa-t snaki-t
I have-PAST speak-PST.PTCP
I had spoken

# Future tense (no gloss is given for 'noch')
Source: a:155
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: tam
ik skel miaren noch weder kum
ik skel miaren noch weder kum
I shall tomorrow NOCH again come
I'll be back tomorrow

# Ungrammatical examples

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: tam
ik haa snaki
ik haa snaki
I have speak
I have spoken

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: tam
ik her snaki
ik haa-t snaki
I have-PAST speak
I had spoken

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: tam
ik haa snaki her
ik haa snaki haa-t
I have speak have-PST.PTCP
I have spoken

# Commenting this example out because I realized there isn't actually
# anything in our source indicating that this in ungrammatical.
#Source: author
#Vetted: f
#Judgment: u
#Phenomena: tam
#ik skel snaket
#ik skel snaki-t
#I shall speak-PST.PTCP
#I shall spoken

Source: a:155
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: tam
ik haa miaren noch weder kum
ik haa miaren noch weder kum
I have tomorrow NOCH again come
I'll be back tomorrow
