Language: North Frisian
Language code: frr
Lines: orth orth-seg gloss translat
Author: Nigel Kilmer and Woodley Packard
Date: April 9, 2013
Source a: Dissertation: Lasswell 1998

############################################################
# Word Order Examples
############################################################

# Word Order Example 1
# S V1 DO V2 IO
Source: a:233
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: word order
ik haa  di  breev  dön       tö di  dreeng
ik haa  di  breev  dö-t      tö di  dreeng
I  have the letter give-PST.PTCP to the boy
I gave the letter to the boy

# Word Order Example 2
# V1 S DO V2 IO
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: word order, q
haa  ik di  breev  dön       tö di  dreeng
haa  ik di  breev  dö-t      tö di  dreeng
have I  the letter give-PST.PTCP to the boy
have I given the letter to the boy?

# Word Order Example 3: a question
# V1 adv V2
Source: a:231
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: word order, q
heest    gur slöpen
haa-st   gur sliip-t
have-2SG good sleep-PST.PTCP
did you sleep well?

# Word Order Example 4
# obl V1 subj obj V2
Source: a:238
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: word order
bi höm her          ik mal  fuul liirt
bi höm haa-t        ik mal  fuul liir-t
by him have-1SG.PST I  very much learn-PST.PTCP
I really learned a lot from him.

# Word Order Example 5
# subj V1 obj V2
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: word order
di soldaaten   her           fuul liirt
di soldaat-en  haa-t         fuul liir-t
the soldier-PL have-1SG.PST  much learn-PST.PTCP
the soldiers learned a lot.

# Word Order Example 6
# subj obj V1 V2
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: word order
di soldaaten    full her          liirt
di soldaat-en   full haa-t        liir-t
the soldier-PL  much have-1SG.PST learn-PST.PTCP
the soldiers learned a lot.

# Word Order Example 7
# subj obj V2 V1
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: word order
di soldaaten full liirt  her
di soldaat-en full liir-t haa-t
the soldier-PL  much learn-PST.PTCP have-1SG.PST
the soldiers learned a lot.

# Word Order Example 8
# subj V1 obj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: word order
di  soldaaten  liir fuul
di  soldaat-en liir fuul
the soldier-PL learn  much
the soldiers learn a lot.

# Word Order Example 9
# subj obj V1
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: word order
di  soldaaten   fuul liir
di  soldaat-en  fuul liir
the soldier-PL  much learn
the soldiers learn a lot.

# Word Order Example 10
# obj subj V1
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: word order
fuul di soldaaten liir
fuul di soldaat-en liir
much the soldier-PL learn
the soldiers learn a lot.

############################################################
# Pronoun Examples
############################################################

# Prounoun Example 1
# 1st-person singular subjective
# Original from a:245 "jaa, iit ik fuul" "yes, I eat (it) a lot"
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
ik iit höm
ik iit höm
I  eat it.OBJ
I eat it

# Prounoun Example 2
# 1st-person dual subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
wat   iit höm
wat   iit höm
we.DU eat it.OBJ
we eat it

# Prounoun Example 3
# 1st-person plural subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
wü    iit höm
wü    iit höm
we.PL eat it.OBJ
we eat it

# Prounoun Example 4
# 2nd-person singular subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
dü     iitst   höm
dü     iit-st  höm
you.SG eat-2SG it.OBJ
you eat it

# Prounoun Example 5
# 2nd-person dual subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
at     iit höm
at     iit höm
you.DU eat it.OBJ
you eat it

# Prounoun Example 6
# 2nd-person plural subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
i      iit höm
i      iit höm
you.PL eat it.OBJ
you eat it

# Prounoun Example 7
# 3rd-person singular masculine subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hi et     höm
hi iit-t   höm
he eat-3SG it.OBJ
he eats it

# Prounoun Example 8
# 3rd-person singular feminine subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
jü  et     höm
jü  iit-t   höm
she eat-3SG it.OBJ
she eats it

# Prounoun Example 9
# 3rd-person singular neuter subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat et     höm
hat iit-t   höm
it  eat-3SG it.OBJ
it eats it

# Prounoun Example 10
# 3rd-person dual subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
jat     iit höm
jat     iit höm
they.DU eat it.OBJ
they eat it

# Prounoun Example 11
# 3rd-person plural subjective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
ja      iit höm
ja      iit höm
they.PL eat it.OBJ
they eat it

# Prounoun Example 12
# 1st-person singular objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat et     mi
hat iit-t   mi
it  eat-3SG me
it eats me

# Prounoun Example 13
# 1st-person dual objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat et     unk
hat iit-t   unk
it  eat-3SG us.DU
it eats us

# Prounoun Example 14
# 1st-person plural objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat et     üüs
hat iit-t   üüs
it  eat-3SG us.PL
it eats us

# Prounoun Example 15
# 2nd-person singular objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat et     di
hat iit-t   di
it  eat-3SG you.SG
it eats you

# Prounoun Example 16
# 2nd-person dual objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat et     junk
hat iit-t   junk
it  eat-3SG you.DU
it eats you

# Prounoun Example 17
# 2nd-person plural objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat et     juu
hat iit-t   juu
it  eat-3SG you.PL
it eats you

# Prounoun Example 18
# 3rd-person singular masculine objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat et     höm
hat iit-t   höm
it  eat-3SG him
it eats him

# Prounoun Example 19
# 3rd-person singular feminine objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat et     höör
hat iit-t   höör
it  eat-3SG her
it eats her

# Prounoun Example 20
# 3rd-person singular neuter objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat et     höm
hat iit-t   höm
it  eat-3SG it
it eats it

# Prounoun Example 21
# 3rd-person dual/plural objective
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pronouns
hat et     jam
hat iit-t   jam
it  eat-3SG them
it eats them

############################################################
# Case Examples
############################################################


# sliip (1SG), sleept (3SG)	 = sleep
# skiar (1SG), skiart (3SG)	 = cut
# dö (1SG), dēr (3SG)            = do or give

# Case Example 1
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: case
ik sliip
ik sliip
I sleep
I sleep

# Case Example 2
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
mi sliip
mi sliip
me sleep
I sleep

# Case Example 3
# subj V1 subj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
ik skiar hat
ik skiar hat
I cut it.SUBJ
I cut it

# Case Example 4
# subj V1 obj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: case
ik skiar höm
ik skiar höm
I cut it.OBJ
I cut it

# Case Example 5
# obj V1 subj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
mi skiar hat
mi skiar hat
me cut it.SUBJ
I cut it

# Case Example 6
# obj V1 obj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
mi skiar höm
mi skiar höm
me cut it.OBJ
I cut it


# Case Example 7
# subj V1 subj subj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
ik dö dü hat
ik dö dü hat
I give you it
I give you it

# Case Example 8
# subj V1 subj obj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
ik dö dü höm
ik dö dü höm
I give you it.OBJ
I give you it

# Case Example 9
# subj V1 obj subj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
ik dö di hat
ik dö di hat
I give you.OBJ it
I give you it

# Case Example 10
# subj V1 obj obj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: case
ik dö di höm
ik dö di höm
I give you.OBJ it.OBJ
I give you it


# Case Example 11
# obj V1 subj subj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
mi dö dü hat
mi dö dü hat
me give you it
I give you it

# Case Example 12
# subj V1 subj obj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
mi dö dü höm
mi dö dü höm
me give you it.OBJ
I give you it

# Case Example 13
# subj V1 obj subj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
mi dö di hat
mi dö di hat
me give you.OBJ it
I give you it

# Case Example 14
# subj V1 obj obj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
mi dö di höm
mi dö di höm
me give you.OBJ it.OBJ
I give you it


############################################################
# NP Examples
############################################################

# NP Example 1
# Bare singular count noun
# Original from a:255 "luki jens üt wining wat jir luas es" "look out the window at what's going on"
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: determiners
luki üt  wining
luki üt  wining
look out window
look out the window

# NP Example 2
# Bare mass noun
Source: a:256
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: determiners
ja  luki hat jaav ja  lön  wat  öner  weeter ging
ja  luki hat jaav ja  lön  wat  öner  weeter ging
yes look it  gave yes land what under water  went
yes, well there was land that had gone under

# NP Example 3
# Bare plural nouns
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: determiners
diar  laap hingster en  fölken ön di  guart
diar  laap hingst-en en  fölk-en ön di  guart
there run  horse-PL   and foal-PL  in the garden
there are horses and foals running around the yard

# NP Example 4
# Plural nouns with determiners
Source: a:256
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: determiners
diar  laap di  hingster en  di  fölken ön di  guart
diar  laap di  hingst-en en  di  fölk-en ön di  guart
there run  the horse-PL   and the foal-PL  in the garden
there are horses and foals running around the yard

# NP Example 5
# Pronoun with determiner (ungrammatical)
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: case
ik skiar di  höm
ik skiar di  höm
I  cut   the it.OBJ
I cut it


###############################
#  Negation Examples
###############################

Source: a:280
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: negation
hüner, diar böli, bit ek
hün-en diar böli  bit ek
dog-PL that bark  bite not
dogs that bark don't bite

# negation with an intransitive verb
Source: a:283
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: negation
ja kum miaren ek
ja kum miaren ek
they come tomorrow not
they're not coming tomorrow

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: negation
di hün sleept ek
di hün sliip-t ek
the dog sleep-3SG not
the dog doesn't sleep

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: negation
di hün ek sleept
di hün ek sliip-t
the dog not sleep-3SG
the dog doesn't sleep

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: negation
ek di hün sleept
ek di hün sliip-t
not the dog sleep-3SG
the dog doesn't sleep

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: negation
ek sleept di hün
ek sliip-t di hün
not sleep-3SG the dog
the dog doesn't sleep

# negation with a transitive verb
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: negation
di hün bet di soldaat ek
di hün bit-t di soldaat ek
the dog bite-3SG the soldier not
the dog doesn't bite the soldier

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: negation
di hün bet ek di soldaat
di hün bit-t ek di soldaat
the dog bite-3SG not the soldier
the dog doesn't bite the soldier

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: negation
di hün ek bet di soldaat
di hün ek bit-t di soldaat
the dog not bite-3SG the soldier
the dog doesn't bite the soldier

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: negation
ek di hün bet di soldaat
ek di hün bit-t di soldaat
not the dog bite-3SG the soldier
the dog doesn't bite the soldier

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: negation
ek bet di hün di soldaat
ek bit-t di hün di soldaat
not bite-3SG the dog the soldier
the dog doesn't bite the soldier


########################################
# Definiteness/demonstratives
########################################

# definiteness
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
di soldaat sleept
di soldaat sliip-t
the soldier sleep-3SG
the soldier sleeps

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
dit soldaat sleept
dit soldaat sliip-t
the soldier sleep-3SG
the soldier sleeps

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
dit heest sleept
dit heest sliip-t
the train sleep-3SG
the train sleeps

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
di heest sleept
di heest sliip-t
the train sleep-3SG
the train sleeps

Source: a:258
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: cogst
ja löp bi strön
ja laap-PRET bi strön
they walk-PRET by beach
they were walking by the beach

Source: a:261
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: cogst
diar laap di hingster bi üüs ön guart
diar laap di hingst-en bi üüs ön guart
there run the horse-PL by us in yard
there are horses running around in the yard

Source: a:261
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: cogst
diar laap di hingster en di fölken ön di guart
diar laap di hingst-en en di fölk-en ön di guart
there run the horse-PL and the foal-PL in the yard
there are horses and foals running around in the yard

#demonstratives (table on page 254-255, examples on page 144
Source: a:144
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: cogst
det bigent me didiar liti.motorräder
det bigen-t me didiar liti.motorräd-en
that begin-3SG with the.there little.motorcycle-PL
it begins with those little motorcycles

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
didiar soldaat sleept
didiar soldaat sliip-t
the.there soldier sleep-3SG
that soldier sleeps

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
ditdiar soldaat sleept
ditdiar soldaat sliip-t
the.there soldier sleep-3SG
that soldier sleeps

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
dijir soldaat sleept
dijir soldaat sliip-t
the.here soldier sleep-3SG
this soldier sleeps

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
ditjir soldaat sleept
ditjir soldaat sliip-t
the.here soldier sleep-3SG
this soldier sleeps

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
des soldaat sleept
des soldaat sliip-t
this/that soldier sleep-3SG
this/that soldier sleeps

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {cogst, agr}
det soldaat sleept
det soldaat sliip-t
this/that soldier sleep-3SG
this/that soldier sleeps

############################################################
# Argument Optionality
############################################################

Source: a:231
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pro-d
heest gur slöpen
haa-st gur sliip-t
have-2SG good sleep-PST.PTCP
did you sleep well?

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pro-d
heest dü gur slöpen
haa-st dü gur sliip-t
have-2SG you good sleep-PST.PTCP
did you sleep well?

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pro-d
haa i gur slöpen
haa i gur sliip-t
have you.PL good sleep-PST.PTCP
did you sleep well?

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pro-d
haa gur slöpen
haa gur sliip-t
have.2PL good sleep-PST.PTCP
did you sleep well?

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pro-d
ik haa gur slöpen
ik haa gur sliip-t
I have good sleep-PST.PTCP
I slept well

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pro-d
haa gur slöpen
haa gur sliip-t
have.1SG good sleep-PST.PTCP
I slept well

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: pro-d
hat heer gur slöpen
hat haa-t gur sliip-t
it have-3SG good sleep-PST.PTCP
it slept well

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: pro-d
heer gur slöpen
haa-t gur sliip-t
have-3SG good sleep-PST.PTCP
it slept well

# Based on (19) from a:236
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pro-d, neg}
jil fairst dü ek
jil fo-st dü ek
money get.PRES-2SG you.SG not
you're not getting any money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pro-d, neg}
jil fairst ek
jil fo-st ek
money get.PRES-2SG not
you're not getting any money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pro-d, neg}
jil fo ik ek
jil fo ik ek
money get.PRES I not
I'm not getting any money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {pro-d, neg}
jil fo ek
jil fo ek
money get.PRES not
I'm not getting any money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {pro-d, neg}
dü fairst ek
dü fo-st ek
you.SG get.PRES-2SG not
you're not getting (any money)

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: {pro-d, neg}
ik fo di ek
ik fo di ek
I get.PRES you.SG not
I'm not getting you

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: {pro-d, neg}
ik fo ek
ik fo ek
I get.PRES not
I'm not getting (you)

############################################################
# Agreement
############################################################

# For examples of determiner agreement, see the earlier section on definiteness/demonstratives.

# Examples with proper agreement with pronouns.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: agr
ik fo jil
ik fo jil
I get.PRES.1SG money
I'm getting money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: agr
wü fo jil
wü fo jil
we get.PRES.1PL money
we're getting money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: agr
dü fairst jil
dü fo-st jil
you.SG get.PRES-2SG money
you're getting money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: agr
i fo jil
i fo jil
you.PL get.PRES.2PL money
you're getting money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: agr
hat fair jil
hat fo-t jil
it get.PRES-3SG money
it's getting money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: agr
ja fo jil
ja fo jil
they get.PRES.3PL money
they're getting money

# Ungrammatical examples of verbs that don't agree with pronoun subjects.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
ik fairst jil
ik fo-st jil
I get.PRES-2SG money
I'm getting money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
wü fairst jil
wü fo-st jil
we get.PRES-2SG money
we're getting money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
dü fo jil
dü fo jil
you.SG get.PRES.1SG money
you're getting money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
i fairst jil
i fo-st jil
you.PL get.PRES-2SG money
you're getting money

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
hat fo jil
hat fo jil
it get.PRES.1SG money
it's getting money

# Ungrammatical example in which verb agrees with object instead of subject.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: agr
ik fairst di
ik fo-st di
I get.PRES-2SG you.SG.OBJ
I'm getting you

############################################################
# Tense / Aspect
############################################################

# Present tense

Source: a:152
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: tam
ik snaki
ik snaki
I speak
I speak

# Preterite tense

Source: a:153
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: tam
ik snaket
ik snaki-t
I speak-PRET
I spoke

# Perfect aspect

Source: a:154
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: tam
ik haa snaket
ik haa snaki-t
I have speak-PST.PTCP
I have spoken

# Pluperfect aspect

Source: a:154
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: tam
ik her snaket
ik haa-t snaki-t
I have-PRET speak-PST.PTCP
I had spoken

# Future tense (no gloss is given for 'noch')
Source: a:155
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: tam
ik skel miaren noch weder kum
ik skel miaren noch weder kum
I shall tomorrow NOCH again come
I'll be back tomorrow

# Ungrammatical examples

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: tam
ik haa snaki
ik haa snaki
I have speak
I have spoken

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: tam
ik her snaki
ik haa-t snaki
I have-PRET speak
I had spoken

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: tam
ik haa snaki her
ik haa snaki haa-t
I have speak have-PST.PTCP
I have spoken

Source: a:155
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: tam
ik haa miaren noch weder kum
ik haa miaren noch weder kum
I have tomorrow NOCH again come
I'll be back tomorrow


######################
# yes/no questions
######################

Source: a:277
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: q
skel ik di en stek me.dö
skel ik di en stek me.dö
shall I you a piece with.do
Shall I give you a piece to take along?

Source: a:277
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: q
wet dü jir bliiv
wel-st dü jir bliiv
want-2SG you here stay
Do you want to stay here?

Source: a:278
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: q
maist jit wat
mai-st jit wat
want-2SG yet what
Would you like some more?

Source: a:244
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: q
nemst dü diar fleten ön
nem-st dü diar fleten ön
take-2SG you there cream in
Do you take cream [in your coffee]?

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: q
sleept di soldaat
sliip-t di soldaat
sleep-3SG the soldier
Is the soldier sleeping?

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: q
et      hi höm
iit-t   hi höm
eat-3SG he it.OBJ
Does he eat it?

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: q
et      hi höm ek
iit-t   hi höm ek
eat-3SG he it.OBJ not
Does he not eat it?

########################################
# Adjectives
########################################

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: adj
di gurt soldaat sleept
di gurt soldaat sliip-t
the big soldier sleep-3SG
the big soldier sleeps

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: adj
di gurt wunderbar soldaat sleept
di gurt wunderbar soldaat sliip-t
the big wonderful soldier sleep-3SG
the big wonderful soldier sleeps

# The adjective isn't in the correct position.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: adj
gurt di soldaat sleept
gurt di soldaat sliip-t
big the soldier sleep-3SG
the big soldier sleeps

# The adjective isn't in the correct position.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: adj
di soldaat gurt sleept
di soldaat gurt sliip-t
the soldier big sleep-3SG
the big soldier sleeps

# The adjective isn't in the correct position.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: adj
di soldaat sleept gurt
di soldaat sliip-t gurt
the soldier sleep-3SG big
the big soldier sleeps

########################################
# Adverbs
########################################

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: adv
di soldaat sleept aural
di soldaat sliip-t aur.al
the soldier sleep-3SG over.all
the soldier sleeps everywhere

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: adv
aural sleept di soldaat
aur.al sliip-t di soldaat
over.all sleep-3SG the soldier
the soldier sleeps everywhere

# Adverbs can go basically anywhere, so ungrammatical examples would actually be ungrammatical
# because of other word order constraints like V2.

########################################
# Embedded clauses
########################################

# Adapted from a:294
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: emb-d
ik skul ja üppasi dat wü ali wainer mefing
ik skel-t ja üp.pasi dat wü ali wainer me.fing
I shall-PRET yes take.care that we all autos with.got
I was supposed to make sure that we had all the vehicles with us

# Adapted from a:295
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: emb-d
ik gesi dat et sa es
ik gesi dat et sa sen-t
I guess that it so be-3SG
I guess that is so

# Not sure that this is grammatical, since the source only mentions (p.296) that complementizers
# are optional for quotatives
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: emb-d
ik gesi et sa es
ik gesi et sa sen-t
I guess it so be-3SG
I guess it is so

# V2 word order is permitted in embedded clauses
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: emb-d
ik gesi dat et es sa
ik gesi dat et sen-t sa
I guess that it be-3SG so
I guess that is so

# Verb-initial is not permitted in embedded clauses
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: emb-d
ik gesi dat es et sa
ik gesi dat sen-t et sa
I guess that be-3SG it so
I guess that is so

# Adapated from a:295
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: emb-q
ik weet ek weder det Russisch wiar
ik weet ek weder det Russisch sen-t
I know not whether that Russian be-PRET
I don't know whether that was Russian

# The verb "gesi" (guess) can't take an embedded interrogative
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: emb-q
ik gesi weder det Russisch wiar
ik gesi weder det Russisch sen-t
I guess whether that Russian be-PRET
I guess whether that was Russian

# Quotatives allow the complementizer to be dropped.
# Adapted from a:296
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: emb-d
ik sair tö min maker ja haa en auto
ik sii-t tö min maker ja haa en auto
I say-PRET to my colleague they have a car
I said to my colleague they have a car

########################################
# Coordination
########################################

# Adapted from a:261
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: crd
diar laap di hingster en di fölken
diar laap di hingst-en en di fölk-en
there run the horse-PL and the foal-PL
there are horses and foals running around

Source: a:300
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: crd
Weesterlön wel det ja hol en di Aussendörfer
Weesterlön wel-t det ja hol en di Aussen.dörf-en
Weesterlön want-3SG that yes gladly and the outer.village-PL
Weesterlön and the outer villages want it

# Adapted from a:301
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: crd
jü smilet en sleept
jü smile-t en sliip-t
she smile-3SG and sleep-3SG
she smiled and slept

# Adapted from a:301
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: crd
min aalern her swin en kin en molk
min aaler-en haa-t swin-en en kin-en en molk
my parent-PL have-PRET pig-PL and cow-PL and milk
my parents had pigs and cows and milk

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: crd
min aalern her swin kin en molk
min aaller-en haa-t swin-en kin-en en molk
my parent-PL have-PRET pig-PL cow-PL and milk
my parents had pigs cows and milk

# Coordination without use of a conjunction - ungrammatical
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: crd
min aalern her swin kin molk
min aaler-en haa-t swin-en kin-en milk
my parent-PL have-PRET pig-PL cow-PL milk
my parents had pigs cows and milk

# Adapted from a:301
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: crd
ik her swin en kin en molk
ik haa-t swin-en en kin-en en molk
I have-PRET pig-PL and cow-PL and milk
I had pigs and cows and milk

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: crd
ik her swin kin en molk
ik haa-t swin-en kin-en en molk
I have-PRET pig-PL cow-PL and milk
I had pigs cows and milk

# Coordination without use of a conjunction - ungrammatical
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: crd
ik her swin kin molk
ik haa-t swin-en kin-en milk
I have-PRET pig-PL cow-PL milk
I had pigs cows and milk

#######
# information structure
#######

# syntactic defocusing by passivization ("it" is focused)
Source: a:247
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: info
diar kür nün kuurn wuksi, det waar ek plaantet
diar kür nün kuurn wuksi det uur-t ek plaant-t
there could no grain grow that became-PAST not planted-PST.PTCP
no grain could grow there, it wasn't planted

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: info
det waar ek iiten
det uur-t ek iit-t
that became-PAST not eaten-PST.PTCP
it wasn't eaten

# lexical focusing with "fo" ("you" is focused)
Source: a:250
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: info
da fairst dü leeterhen uk jit din skuur
da fo-st dü leeterhen uk jit din skuur
then get-2SG you later.on too yet your shoes
Later on, you'll get your shoes.

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: info
dü fairst dü leeterhen uk jit din skuur
dü fo-st en hingst
you get-2SG a horse
You get a horse.

# lexical defocusing of the generic pronoun "em"
Source: a:254
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: info
em kumt ek tö Ruu jer em en Stek suar üp haur heer
em kum-t ek tö Ruu jer em en Stek suar üp haur haa-t
one come-3SG not to rest ere one a piece sod up head has-3SG
there's no rest before the grave

Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: info
em sleept
em sliip-t
one sleep-3SG
one sleeps

#######
# nonverbal predicates
#######

# copula+PP
Source: a:235
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: cop
jü es fan Langeness
jü wiis-t fan Langeness
she is-3SG from Langeness
she's from Langeness

# copula+AdjP
Source: a:238
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: cop
en hi wiar gans, verrückt eeder Motor.räder
en hi wiis-t gans verrückt eeder Motor.räder
and he was-PAST whole crazy after motor.cycles
and he was really crazy about motorcycles

# copula+Adj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: cop
hi es gurt
hi wiis-t gurt
he is-3SG big
he is big

# showing alternate copula
Source: a:238
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: cop
hi uur nü tö hārefst aacht.en.tachentig
hi uur-t nü tö hārefst aacht.en.tachentig
he become-3SG now to autumn eight.and.eighty
he'll be eighty-eight in the fall

# copula+NP
Source: a:239
Vetted: s
Judgment: g
Phenomena: cop
min mooter wiar en hoog.dütsk.en
min mooter wiis-t en hoog.dütsk.en
my mother was-PAST a high.German.NOM
my mother was a (speaker of) High German

# copula+NP
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: g
Phenomena: cop
hi wiar en soldaat
hi wiis-t en soldaat
he was-PAST a soldier
he was a soldier

# missing copula/PP
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: cop
hi fan Langeness
hi fan Langeness
he from Langeness
he is from Langeness

# missing copula/Adj
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: cop
hi gurt
hi gurt
he big
he is big

# missing copula/NP
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgment: u
Phenomena: cop
hi en soldaat
hi en soldaat
he a soldier
he is a soldier
