Language: <Malayalam>
Language code: <mal>
Author: <Wendy Bannister>
Date: January, 2007
Source a: <Malayalam by R.E. Asher and T. C. Kumari>
Source b: <Parametric Studies in Malayalam Syntax by K. A. Jayaseelan>
Source c: <http://web.nitc.ac.in/~cse/CI_Lab/Malayalam_Parser.pdf>
Source d: <http://tdil.mit.gov.in/news.htm: April 2002>


<Basic Word Order>

Source: {a:193}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {word order}
kutatai ammaye     vilaiccu
kutatai amma-ye    vilaicc-u
child   mother-ACC call-PAST
the child called the mother

Source: {a:193}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {word order}
kutataiye amma     vilaiccu
kutatai-ye amma     vilaicc-u
child-ACC  mother   call-PAST
the mother called the child

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {word order}
* vilaiccu   kutatai ammaye     
  vilaicc-u   kutatai amma-ye     
  call-PAST   child   mother-ACC 
  called the child the mother

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {word order}
* vilaiccu   kutataiye  amma      
  vilaicc-u   kutatai-ye  amma      
  call-PAST  child-ACC  mother   
  called the mother the child

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {word order}
* kutatai vilaiccu  ammaye     
  kutatai vilaicc-u  amma-ye     
  child   call-PAST mother-ACC 
   the child called the mother

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {word order}
* kutataiye vilaiccu   amma      
  kutatai-ye vilaicc-u   amma      
  call-PAST child-ACC  mother   
  called the mother the child

Source: {a:107}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {word order}
avan cooraə unanaunnu
avan cooraə unanaunnu
he   rice   eat-PRES
he is eating rive

	+++ I don't know the morphology of this verb
	
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {word order}
* unanaunnu avan cooraə
  unanaunnu avan cooraə
  eat-PRES  he   rice   
  is eating he rice
  
Source: {a:107}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {word order}
Hanifa enikkə ii pustakam tannu
Hanifa enikkə ii pustakam tannu
Hanifa I-DAT this book gave-PAST
Hanifa gave me this book

	+++ Don't know the morphology of this verb
	
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {word order}
* tannu Hanifa enikkə ii pustakam
  tannu Hanifa enikkə ii pustakam
  gave-PAST Hanifa I-DAT this book 
  gave Hanifa me this book

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {word order}
* Hanifa tannu     enikkə ii   pustakam
  Hanifa gave-PAST I-DAT  this book 
  Hanifa gave me this book

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {word order}
* Hanifa enikkə tannu     ii   pustakam
  Hanifa enikkə tannu     ii   pustakam
  Hanifa I-DAT  gave-PAST this book 
  Hanifa me gave this book

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {word order}
* Hanifa enikkə ii   tannu      pustakam
  Hanifa enikkə ii   tannu      pustakam
  Hanifa I-DAT  this gave-PAST  book 
  Hanifa me this gave book



<Pronouns>

Source: {a:199}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {pronouns}
njaaan paampine  bhayappetaunnu
njaaan paamp(ə)-ine  bhayappetau(ka)-nnu
I      snake-ACC fear-PRES
I am afraid of snakes

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {pronouns}
* enne  paampine  bhayappetaunnu
  enne  paamp(ə)-ine  bhayappetau(ka)-nnu
  I-ACC snake-ACC fear-PRES
  I am afraid of snakes

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {pronouns}
* enikkə  paampine  bhayappetaunnu
  enikkə  paamp(ə)-ine  bhayappetau(ka)-nnu
  I-DAT   snake-ACC fear-PRES
  I am afraid of snakes

Source: {a:200}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {pronouns}
nii ini pookaam
nii ini pookaam
you now go-FUT-MOD
you may go now

	+++ not sure of the morphology of the verb
	
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {pronouns}
* ninne   ini pookaam
  ni(i)-nne   ini pookaam
  you-ACC now go-FUT-MOD
  you may go now

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {pronouns}
* ninakkə ini pookaam
  ni(i)-nakkə ini pookaam
  you-DAT now go-FUT-MOD
  you may go now

Source: {a:97}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {pronouns}
avan oru taiiccar aanaə
avan oru taiiccar aanaə
he   a   teacher  be-PRES
he is a teacher
	
	+++ aakuka is the infinitive form of be.  I'm not sure how to format the morphology changes.

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {pronouns}
avala oru taiiccar aanaə
avala oru taiiccar aanaə
she   a   teacher  be-PRES
she is a teacher

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {pronouns}
* avane  oru taiiccar aanaə
  avan-e  oru taiiccar aanaə
  he-ACC a   teacher  be-PRES
  he is a teacher

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {pronouns}
* avannə oru taiiccar aanaə
  avan-nə oru taiiccar aanaə
  he-DAT a   teacher  be-PRES
  he is a teacher

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {pronouns}
* avalae  oru taiiccar aanaə
  avala-e  oru taiiccar aanaə
  she-ACC a   teacher  be-PRES
  she is a teacher

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {pronouns}
* avalakkə oru taiiccar aanaə
  avala-kkə oru taiiccar aanaə
  she-DAT  a   teacher  be-PRES
  she is a teacher


< The Rest of the Noun Phrase>

Source: {a:125}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {determiners}
oru raajaavə untaayirunnu
oru raajaavə untaayirunnu
a    king        be-PAST
there was a king

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {determiners}
* raajaavə oru untaayirunnu
  raajaavə oru untaayirunnu
  king  a   be-PAST
  there was a king

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {determiners}
* raajaavə untaayirunnu oru 
  raajaavə untaayirunnu oru 
  king     be-PAST      a
  there was a king

Source: {a:254}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {determiners}
njaaan oru pustakam vaangangai
njaaan oru pustakam vaangangai
I      a   book     buy-PAST
I bought a book

	+++ not sure of the morphology of the verb
	
Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {determiners}
* oru njaaan pustakam vaangangai
  oru njaaan pustakam vaangangai
  a   I      book     buy-PAST
  I bought a book

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {determiners}
* njaaan pustakam oru vaangangai
  njaaan pustakam oru vaangangai
  I      book     a   buy-PAST
  I bought a book


Source: {a:126}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {determiners}
aalaukala ellaam pooyi
aala-ukala ellaam pooyi
person-PL all go-PAST
all the people went

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {determiners}
* ellaam aalaukala pooyi
  ellaam aala-ukala pooyi
  all person-PL    go-PAST
  all the people went

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {determiners}
* aalaukala pooyi   ellaam 
  aala-ukala pooyi   ellaam 
  person-PL go-PAST all 
  all the people went

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {determiners}
valare aalaukala pooyi
valare aala-ukala pooyi
many   person-PL go-PAST
many people went

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {determiners}
* aalaukala valare pooyi
  aala-ukala valare pooyi
  person-PL many   go-PAST
  many people went

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {determiners}
* aalaukala pooyi   valare 
  aala-ukala pooyi   valare 
  person-PL go-PAST many   
  many people went



< Argument Optionality>

Source: {a:97}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {Argument Optionality}
avan oru taiiccar aanaə
avan oru taiiccar aanaə
he   a   teacher  be-PRES
he is a teacher


Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Argument Optionality}
avan oru taiiccar
avan oru taiiccar
he   a   teacher
he is a teacher

Source: {d:45}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {Argument Optionality}
thanuppundu
thanuppundu
cold
it is cold

Source: {a:106}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {Argument Optionality}
enikkə tanaukkunnu
enikkə tanaukkunnu
I-DAT feel cold-PRES
I feel cold

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {Argument Optionality}
tanaukkunnu
tanaukkunnu
feel cold-PRES
I feel cold

Source: {a:106}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {Argument Optionality}
visaakkunnu
visaakkunnu
feel hungry-PRES
(I) feel hungry

Source: {a:106}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {Argument Optionality}
saabdam sahikka    vayya
saabdam sahikka    vayya
noise   bear-INFIN cannot
(I) can't stand the noise


<Agreement>

Source: {a:354}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {Agreement}
kutatai nallavan annaə
kutatai nalla-van annaə
child good-MASC be-PRES
the boy is good

Source: {a:354}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {Agreement}
kutatai nallavala annaə
kutatai nalla-vala annaə
child good-FEM be-PRES
the girl is good

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Agreement}
kutatai nallatə annaə
kutatai nalla-tə annaə
child good-NEUT be-PRES
the child is good

Source: {a:354}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {Agreement}
kutataikala nallavar annaə
kutataikala nalla-var annaə
the children good-HUM_PL be-PRES
the boy is good

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Agreement}
kutataikala nallatə annaə
kutataikala nalla-tə annaə
childred good-NEUT be-PRES
the children are good

Source: {a:354}
Vetted: {s}
Judgment: {g}
Phenomena: {Agreement}
ii pustakam nallatə annaə
ii pustakam nalla-tə annaə
this book good-NEUT be-PRES
this book is good

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Agreement}
ii pustakam nallavan annaə
ii pustakam nalla-van annaə
this book good-MASC be-PRES
this book is good

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Agreement}
ii pustakam nallavalai annaə
ii pustakam nalla-valai annaə
this book good-FEM be-PRES
this book is good

Source: {WBannister}
Vetted: {f}
Judgment: {u}
Phenomena: {Agreement}
ii pustakam nallavar annaə
ii pustakam nalla-var annaə
this book good-HUM_PL be-PRES
this book is good

