Sanae Sato and Adam Ledyard
Language: Mikayo
Lab3 Write up

1. 	Tense, Aspect and Mood

	The over all structure of the inflected verb is as follows:

		Stem - Aspect - Negation - Tense - Mood

	All suffixes are going to be optional and the zero morpheme is going to
	be realized as -0 as far as Tense.	

	Tense:  

	In lab2 we glossed over tense but here in lab3 we addressed it.  There
	are two tense markers, non-past and past.  The non-tense marker can be
	a -0 suffix or -r depending on the class of the verb (See Lexicon section).
	The past suffix is -tar and -ta depending on if the suffix is word internal
	or not. Some examples in the test suite are as follows:


		#Example grammatical use of -r NPST suffix on class 1 verbs
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: g
		Phenomena: tam
		ba ga idir
		ba=ga idi-r
		1SG=NOM exit-NPST
		I exit.

		#Example  ungrammatical use of -0 NPST suffix on class 1 verbs
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: u
		Phenomena: tam
		ba ga idi0
		ba=ga idi-0
		1SG=NOM exit-NPST
		I exit.

		#Example grammatical use of -tar PAST suffix on class 2 verbs
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: g
		Phenomena: tam
		ba ga tigami u turtar
		ba=ga tigami=u tur-tar
		1SG=NOM letter=ACC take-PAST
		I took a letter.


	The constraint of -r only being used on the class-1 verbs is not 
	handled in our grammar and must be addressed latter.
	
	Aspect:
	
	Aspect is techniquely dealt with as a separate verb but can be expressed,
	both as separate words or a combined stem.  We only modeled the combined
	stem here and treated it as suffix.  Our grammar at the moment cannot 
	handle the separate words.  It is instead treated as the suffix closest
	to the verb since all inflection will be on the second verb.  There are 
	some things our grammar can't handle, like the perfect which can only be
	expressed as two separate words.

		#Example grammatical use of -u ASPECT suffix w/ -r NPST suffix
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: g
		Phenomena: tam
		ba ga tigami u kakiu0
		ba=ga tigami=u kaki-u-0
		1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-PROG-NPST
		I am writing a letter.

		#Example ungrammatical use of -u ASPECT suffix w/ -r NPST suffix
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: u
		Phenomena: tam
		ba ga tigami u kakiur
		ba=ga tigami=u kaki-u-r
		1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-PROG-NPST
		I am writing a letter.


		#Example ungrammatical use of -u ASPECT suffix w/ -r NPST suffix
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: u
		Phenomena: tam
		ba ga tigami u kak0u
		ba=ga tigami=u kak-0-u
		1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-NPST-PROG
		I am writing a letter.

			      
		#Example grammatical use of -u ASPECT suffix w/ -tar PAST suffix
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: g
		Phenomena: tam
		ba ga tigami u kakiutar
		ba=ga tigami=u kaki-u-tar
		1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-PROG-PAST
		I was writing a letter.
	
	all aspect verbs are class2 and of course are not handled in this grammar

	Mood:

	Mood is attached to the very end and can express the optative, intentional,
	negative sentential, prohibitive, imperative and realis.  The prohibitive
	and imperative have slightly different syntax in that the subject is 
	not optional, it is actually prohibited.  Realis is overtly expressed and
	the irrealis is not.  This works since only one mood suffix is permitted.

		#Example grammatical use of -baa MOOD suffix with TENSE (PAST)
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: g
		Phenomena: tam
		ba ga tigami u kakatabaa
		ba=ga tigami=u kaka-ta-baa
		1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-PAST-OPTA
		I wanted to write a letter.


		# - intentional

		#Example grammatical use of -di MOOD suffix
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: g
		Phenomena: tam
		ba ga tigami u kakadi
		ba=ga tigami=u kaka-di
		1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-INTENT
		I will write a letter.



		#Example grammatical use of NEG > TENSE(PAST) > -baa MOOD
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: g
		Phenomena: tam
		ba ga tigami u kakattabaa
		ba=ga tigami=u kaka-t-ta-baa
		1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-NEG-PAST-OPTA
		I did not want to write a letter.


		# - negative intentional

		#Example grammatical use of -djaan MOOD suffix
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: g
		Phenomena: tam
		ba ga tigami u kakadjaan
		ba=ga tigami=u kaka-djaan
		1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-NEG-INTENT
		I won't write a letter.

	
	Since negative intention is a separate mood, the intentional plus sentential
	negation is not grammatical, but of course our grammar cannot handle this:

		#Example grammatical use of -di MOOD suffix with NEG
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: u
		Phenomena: tam
		ba ga tigami u kakandi
		ba=ga tigami=u kaka-n-di
		1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-NEG-INTENT
		I will not  write a letter.



	Argument optionality:

	The nominal case is optional in all sentences and is seen in the grammar and
	there seemed to be no restrictions.  The accusative case might be optional
	but there is no mention of this in the grammar so we are going to play it
	safe and say that is prohibited.

		Example grammatical arugument optionality on subject
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: g
		Phenomena: pro-d
		tigami=u tur0
		tigami=u tur-0
		letter=ACC take-NPST
		(I) take a letter.

		#Example ungrammatical arugument optionality on object
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: u
		Phenomena: pro-d
		ba ga tur0
		ba=ga tur-0
		1SG=NOM take-NPST
		I take (something).


	Sentential negation:

	Sentential negation is a suffix added to the verb and is seen in the TAM
	section.  It can be -n or -t depending on if the next sound is 't' which
	isn't restricted and is not handled as of yet.


		#Example grammatical use of NEG suffix
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: g
		Phenomena: neg
		ba ga tigami u kakan0
		ba=ga tigami=u kaka-n-0
		1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-NEG-NPST
		I do not write a letter.

		#Example grammatical use of NEG suffix
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: g
		Phenomena: neg
		ba ga tigami u kakattar
		ba=ga tigami=u kaka-t-tar
		1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-NEG-PAST
		I didn't write a letter.



	Lexicon - Inflection and Verb Class

	The verb class, there are 2, determines which form the morphemes take
	that attach to it.  Class one is unchanging and always ends in the vowel
	/ i /.  The class 2 verbs end in anything else and a Thematic vowel is 
	neede for some morphemes (either an /a/ or /i/).  There is also an athematic
	stem where the final consonant changes.  We do not do anything with
	these and have separate entries for each class 2 verb variations so for
	example the verb kak (to write) has three forms:

			kaki	kaka	kaf

	We did add the boolean feature vclass where the + means it already has
	a stem final vowel and - if it needs a thematic vowel.

	
	Demonstratives:

	There is no definiteness in Miyako but there are demonstratives that 
	express proximal, medial and distal.  There is no agreement needed but can
	only be attached to non-pronouns and are attached before the noun.


		#Example grammatical use of demonstrative
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: g
		Phenomena: det
		kunu pztu nu tuvtar
		kunu pztu=nu tuv-tar
		PROX man=NOM fly-PAST
		This man flew

		#Example grammatical use of demonstrative
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: u
		Phenomena: det
		pztu nu kunu tuvtar
		pztu=nu kunu tuv-tar
		man=NOM PROX fly-PAST
		This man flew.

		#Example grammatical use of demonstrative
		Source: author
		Vetted: f
		Judgment: u
		Phenomena: det
		kunu ba ga tuvtar
		kunu ba=ga tuv-tar
		PROX 1SG=NOM fly-PAST
		This me flew.


2. Properties of Miyako in our test suite not covered in the grammar yet:

Class 1 & Class 2 Verb:

Our test suit illustrate negative and positive examples of class 1 and class 2 
verbs; however, our starter grammar have not fully covered this feature yet. 
(As we mentioned earlier, we are going to use separate feature called vclass +/-) Until that feature is fully specified in our grammar, we will get false-positive/overgenerate sentences. 

However, 'kakabaa'/'kakadi'/'kakadjaan' is natural form as input so we left as it is.  Also, we do not have a syntactical way to distinguish -djaan (negative intentional) from  negation of intentional. We were not sure if the sentential negation of intentional form is really incorrect form in Ryukyuan, however we assumed that it is an incorrect form (for now) because it has -djaan (negative intentional) form separately. Similary, other suffixes/converbs which have negation feature already embedded in semantics such as -rna (prohibition) and -da (converve).

	#Example 22 ungrammatical use of -0 NPST suffix on class 1 verbs
	Source: author
	Vetted: f
	Judgment: u
	Phenomena: tam
	ba=ga idi0
	ba=ga idi-0
	1SG=NOM exit-NPST
	I exit.

	#Example 24 ungrammatical use of -r NPST suffix on class 2 verbs
	Source: author
	Vetted: f
	Judgment: u
	Phenomena: tam
	ba=ga tigami=u turr
	ba=ga tigami=u tur-r
	NOM=1SG letter=ACC take-NPST
	I take a letter.


	#Example 28 ungrammatical use of -u ASPECT suffix w/ -r NPST suffix
	Source: author
	Vetted: f
	Judgment: u
	Phenomena: tam
	ba=ga tigami=u kakiur
	ba=ga tigami=u kaki-u-r
	1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-PROG-NPST
	I am writing a letter.

Obligatory Suffix (TENSE): 

We implemented TENSE as obligatory. Therefore LKB will not parse sentences which has no TENSE suffix. In fact, it is easy fix these by adding 0 morpheme if we re-define our testsuite.txt.

	Example Sentences which has no TENSE suffix: 
	
	#Example 40 grammatical use of -baa MOOD suffix
	Source: author
	Vetted: f
	Judgment: g
	Phenomena: tam
	ba=ga tigami=u kakabaa
	ba=ga tigami=u kaka-baa
	1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-OPTA
	I want to write a letter.
	
	as:

	ba=ga tigami=u kaka0baa
	ba=ga tigami=u kaka-0-baa
	1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-NPST-OPTA
	I want to write a letter.


	#Example 42 grammatical use of -di MOOD suffix
	Source: author
	Vetted: f
	Judgment: g
	Phenomena: tam
	ba=ga tigami=u kakadi
	ba=ga tigami=u kaka-di
	1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-INTENT
	I will write a letter.
	
	as:

	ba=ga tigami=u kaka0di
	ba=ga tigami=u kaka-0-di
	1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-NPST-INTENT
	I will write a letter.


	#Example 44 grammatical use of -djaan MOOD suffix
	Source: author
	Vetted: f
	Judgment: g
	Phenomena: tam
	ba=ga tigami=u kakadjaan
	ba=ga tigami=u kaka-djaan
	1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-NEGINTENT
	I won't write a letter.	

	as:

	ba=ga tigami=u kaka0djaan
	ba=ga tigami=u kaka-0-djaan
	1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-NEGINTENT
	I won't write a letter.	


There is another phenomena which we need to be addressed in the future. With similar reason, ungrammatical example (Example 45) "ba=ga tigami=u kaka-n-di" will be parsed if we add -0 (TENSE suffix) as "tigami=u kaka-0-n-di" which should not be parsed because there is negative intentional form -djaan in Irabu Ryukyuan.

	#Example 45 ungrammatical use of -di MOOD suffix with NEG (should use -djaan)
	Source: author
	Vetted: f
	Judgment: u
	Phenomena: tam
	ba=ga tigami=u kakandi
	ba=ga tigami=u kaka-n-di
	1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-NEG-INTENT
	I will not  write a letter.
	

Imperative MOOD:
	
This was something we noticed since LKB found other way of reading sentences. We have not implemented the syntax for Imperative MOOD yet. Instead, we only defined -ru/-0 suffix under MOOD for future customization. However due to these imperative suffixes, LKB analyze that following ungrammatical sentence "ba=ga tigami=u kaki-tar-u
" (Example 31) as grammatical sentence because it reads as "ba=ga tigami=u kaki-ta-ru". This introduce ambiguity in the sentence. 


	#Example 31 ungrammatical use of -u ASPECT suffix w/ -tar PAST suffix
	Source: author
	Vetted: f
	Judgment: u
	Phenomena: tam
	ba=ga tigami=u kakitaru
	ba=ga tigami=u kaki-tar-u
	1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-PAST-PROG
	I was writing a letter.

	# LKB's reading for Example 31
	ba=ga tigami=u kakitaru
	ba=ga tigami=u kaki-ta-ru
	1SG=NOM letter=ACC write-PAST-IMPERATIVE

	

3.  Summary of Results for Lab3

We have coverage: 80% and overgeneration: 40% where 20 sentences parsed / 25 grammatical sentences, and 11 sentences parsed / 27 ungrammatical sentences. This high percentage of overgeneration is because we have not implemented the way to distinguish class1/class2 verb.
	

4.  The customization system have trouble interacting with the particle and pronoun: the ambiguity between the `nom' particle and `gen' particle. For example, particle =ga has both "nom" and "gen" usage, but if we define both features selected in the customization system, it will have type hierarchy confliction. So we check one of the two, not both. For example, the particle =ga has only "nom" feature for now.  Also, the agreement constraint for the PRONOUN feature still needs to be remedied.

