# ASPECT
# @Author: Harmanas Chopra

# {-

# DEFINITIONS:
# * Perfective Aspect:
	# * [Jacobs] expresses completed action; thus 'zi lejent iber di cajtung' translates 'she reads the newspaper  (in its entirety)'. Note that iber is not a preposition, and that 'di cajtung' is accusative.
	# * [WP] A grammatical tense used to describe a situation viewed as a simple whole -- a unit without internal structure. This does not necessarily imply that it is a prior event.
# * Imperfective Aspect: Presents an event as having internal structure (such as ongoing or habitual actions).
# * Prospective Aspect: is a grammatical aspect describing an event that occurs subsequent to a given reference time.
# * Inchoative Aspect: expresses the commencement of an action of (unspecified) duration.
# * Iterative Aspect:
# 	* [Jacobs] The iterative aspect expresses ongoing non-interrupted or repetitive action.
# 	* [WP] A grammatical aspect that expresses the repetition of an event.
# * Habitual Aspect:
# 	* [WP] Specifies an action as occurring habitually: the subject performs the action usually, ordinarily, or customarily.
# 	* [Jacobs] Focuses on the repetitiveness of an event; is very similar to the iterative aspect. Refers to events that occur regularly.
# * Singulative Aspect
# 	* [Jacobs] One-time action without ongoing duration. 

# OVERLAPS BETWEEN ASPECT & TENSE	
# * Many verbs in the future perfect and pluperfect demand a perfectivizing prefix or verb particle.
# * With the exception of habitual past action, the aspects may occur in the future or past tense.  

# ASPECT RULES:
# * The perfective aspect is marked by use of prefix or verb particle; selection is often idiosyncratic. Dialects differ in marker selection & whether a particular verb takes an aspect-marker.
	# * Prefixes: 'der-', 'far-', 'oys-', 'op-'. 'iber-', 'on-'.
	* Examples: 'der-gejn' 'arrive', 'far-endikn' 'complete', 'ojs-trinken' 'drink up', 'op-esn' 'drink-up', 'iber-lejenen' 'read entirely', 'on-srajbn' 'write to completion'.
# * The inchoative aspect is formed by:
	# * (conj/ 'nemen') + zikh + infinitive
	# * (conj/ 'nemen') + infinitive
# * Iterative aspect is formed by:
	# * regular: haltn + in + infinitive
	# * intense: haltn + in + eyn + infinitive
# -}

# [-
# @title: inchoative aspect

# @desc: The inchoative aspect can be formed by: (conj/ 'nemen') + verb infinitive.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Er nemt arbetn.
Er nem-t arbet-n.
3SG.M.NOM begin-3SG work-INF.
He begins working.

# @desc: Is incorrect because arbetn has been conjugated and nemen hasn't been.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgement: u
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh nemen arbet.
Ikh nem-en arbet.
1SG.NOM begin-INF work;1SG.
I begin working.

# @desc: The inchoative aspect can be formed by: (conj/ 'nemen') + zikh + verb infinitive.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Er nemt zikh arbetn.
Er nem-t zikh arbet-n.
3SG.NOM.M begin-3SG REF work-INF.
He begins working.

# @desc: The inchoative aspect can be formed by: (conj/ 'nemen') + zikh + verb infinitive.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Zey nemyn zikh loyfn.
Zey nem-en zikh loyf-n.
3PL begin-3PL REF run-INF.
They start running.

# -]	

# [-
# @title: perfective aspect

# @desc: The 'far-' perfective marker.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh ze er farendik zayn oysforshung.
Ikh ze er far-endik zay-n oysforshung.
1SG.NOM see;1SG 3SG.ACC.M PFV.INF-complete;1SG be-INF research. 
I see him complete his research.

# @desc: The 'der-' perfective marker.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Der dales dergeyt di yorn.
Der dales dergey-t di yorn.
NOM.M.SG poverty arrive-3SG the year.
The poverty arrived this year.

# @desc: The 'oys' perfective marker.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Zi shrayt oys.
Zi shray-t oys.
F.3SG.NOM shout-3SG out.
She shouted.

# @desc: The 'op-' perfective marker.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh opes di blintses.
Ikh op-es di blintse-s.
1SG.NOM PFV-eat the crepe-PL.
I eat up the crepes.

# @desc: The 'iber' perfective marker.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Zi leyent iber di caytung.
Zi leyen-t iber di caytung.
3SG.F.NOM read-3SG over the newspaper.
She completely reads the newspaper.

# @desc: The 'on-' perfective marker.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Zi vilt onshraybn an artikl.
Zi vil-t on-shrayb-n an artikl.
F.3SG.NOM PFV-vil-t an article. 
She wants to write an article.

# {- @NOTE: Perfective markers can't be tested beyond a lexical level. -}

# -]

# [-
# @title: iterative aspect

# @desc: The regular iterative aspect formed by haltn + in + infinitive.
Source: author
Vetted: f
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh halt in shraybn.
Ikh halt in shrayb-n.
1SG.NOM keep;1SG in write-INF.
I keep writing.

# @desc: The regular iterative aspect formed by haltn + in + infinitive.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Zi halt in lernen zikh rusish.
Zi halt in lern-en zikh rusish.
3SG.F.NOM keep;3SG in learn-INF REFL Russian.
She's in the process of learning Russian.

# @desc: Incorrect because lernen has been conjugated.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgement: u
Phenomena: {tam}
Zi halt in lernt zikh rusish.
Zi halt in lern-t zikh rusish.
3SG.F.NOM keep;3SG in learn-3SG REFL Russian.
She's in the process of learning Russian.

# @desc: The intense iterative aspect formed by haltn + in + infinitive.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Zi halt in eyn lernen zikh rusish.
Zi halt in eyn lern-en zikh rusish.
3SG.F.NOM halt in only learn-INF REFL Russian.
She's is taken up in (exclusively) learning Russian.

# -]

# [-
# @title: habitual aspect

# @desc: Habitual past action formed by (conj/ flegn) + infinitive.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh felg leyenen polishe caytungen.
Ikh felg leyen-en polishe caytung-en.
1SG.NOM used_to;1SG read-INF polishe caytung-PL.
I use to read Polish newspapers.

# @desc: Incorrect because felgn hasn't been conjugated.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgement: u
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh felgn leyenen polishe caytungen.
Ikh felg-n leyen-en polishe caytung-en.
1SG.NOM used_to-INF read-INF Polish newspaper-PL.
I used to read Polish newspapers.

# @desc: Habitual action formed by (conj/ ton) + infinitive.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Er tut shraybn.
Er tu-t shrayb-n.
3SG.NOM.M do-3SG write-INF.
He regularly writes.

# @desc: Incorrect because ton hasn't been conjugated.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgement: u
Phenomena: {tam}
Er ton shraybn.
Er to-n shrayb-n.
3SG.NOM.M do-INF write-INF.
He regularly writes.

# -]

# [-

# @title: singulative aspect

# @desc: Singulative aspect formed by (conj/ ton) + infinitive.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Er tut a kuk.
Er tu-t a kuk.
3SG.NOM.M do-3SG a glance.
He gives a glance.

# @desc: Singulative aspect formed by (conj/ gebn) + infinitive.
Source: {a:221}
Vetted: t
Judgement: g
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh geb a lakh.
Ikh geb a lakh.
1SG.NOM give;1SG a laugh.
I give a laugh.

# @desc: Incorrect because determiner is in the wrong position.
Vetted: t
Judgement: u
Phenomena: {tam}
Ikh a geb lakh.
Ikh a geb lakh.
1SG.NOM a give;1SG laugh.
I give a laugh.

# -]